本站首发：abc2015使用指南超级完整版【中文译本】

琴韵晓波 · 发表于 2016-7-4 22:05:33

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楼主琴韵晓波说：

本用户指南中文译本由视障者音乐制作交流基地（www.szzyyzz.com）首发
转载请注明出自视障者音乐制作交流基地（www.szzyyzz.com），谢谢！
Guide to writing abc for abc2midi
(Updated August 11 2015 -- %%MIDI expand, bendvelocity, bendstring,
controlstring added.)
应用于abc2midi程式的abc曲子指南
（包括最近，2015年8月11日，的更新，增加了下列%% MIDI指令 -- %%MIDI expand, %%MIDI
bendvelocity, %%MIDI bendstring, %%MIDI controlstring。）
The defining document for abc is the abc version 1.6 specification which can be found at
http://www.gre.ac.uk/~c.walshaw/abc2mtex/abc.txt . This document is a description of abc as
interpreted by abc2midi.
在本指南中，abc曲子是根据 abc1.6版规范所制作，该规范位于
http://www.gre.ac.uk/~c.walshaw/abc2mtex/abc.txt (译者：已找不到了)。
An abc tune consists of a header followed by a body. Each line in theheader is a different field starting
with a letter immediately followed by : and then the text of the field. The body of the tune contains
linesof music, though it may also contain certain fields. The end of the tune ismarked by a blank line
(so blank lines cannot appear within the tune headeror body).
一个ABC曲子由表头及内涵组成。在表头部分，每一行都是一个不同的领域，以一个英文字
母开始，紧跟着一个冒号‘：’，然后是该领域的内容。内涵部分主要是音乐，不过也可包含
几行领域文字。乐曲的结尾是由一个空行来标记（因此空行不能在表头或内涵部分出现）。
Comments are allowed in both the header and the body. A comment starts with a % sign and
continues to the end of the line. A comment may be on a line of its own or at the end of a line of abc.
注解可以用于曲子的任何部分。注解部分以百分号‘％’开始，并持续到该行的末尾。注解可
以单独在一行，也可在一行的结尾处。
The Header of the Tune表头部分
--------------------
The header should look something like this :
表头部分由不同的领域组成，如下所示：
X:1
T:The Rose Tree
M:4/4
L:1/8
Q:1/4=120
K:G
（译者：abc曲子原文，若像上面这个例子直接明了不需翻译时，应被视爲译文的一部分，以
避免没必要地重复。）
X: is the reference number (each tune in a file should have a unique referencenumber). T: is the title
of the tune, M: is the time signature, L: is theunit note length and K: is the key signature. Q: is the
tempo field. Inthe above example the tempo is given as 120 quarter-notes per minute. X:must be the
first field and K: must be the last field in the header.
X：是参考号（文件中每一首曲子应该有一个独特的参考号）。 T：是曲子的名称。M：是节拍
（4/4， 3/8等等）。L：是单位音符长度。K：是调号。Q：是速度。在上面的例子中速度给定
为每分钟120个四分音符。X：必须在第一行，而K：必须在最后一行。
(译者：下一段原文中在本章结尾，移到这儿文气连贯。)
Other fields may also appear in the header. Common ones are C: composer of the tune, D:
discography, H: history of the tune, S: source, N: notes, Z: transcription note, A: area from which the
tune comes, B: book and R: rhythm.
表头部分也可包含其他领域记录其他资料。较常见的是C: 作者，D: 专辑名称，H: 历史，S: 来源，
N: 备注，Z: 译注，A: 地区，B: 书名，及R: 节奏。
It is advisable to write the fields M:, L: and Q: in that order. Thereason for this is that M: can set up a
unit note length which L:overrides and the tempo field Q: can be written in other forms thatdepend
on unit note length. This order makes the meaning clear andunambiguous. The original abc
specification gives a rule for computinga default value for the unit note length from the M: field.
abc2midionly uses this rule for choosing a unit note length in the header ifthe L: field has been omitted.
在编写表头部分时，领域M：，L：和Q：最好是按照上列顺序。原因是M：领域值可以导出单
位音符长度，该单位音符长度可由L：领域值重设，而Q：领域值也可以用包含单位音符长度的
形式表示。按照上列顺序则各领域值的含义清晰而明确。通行的abc写作规范包括了从M：领
域值计算单位音符长度的公式。但 abc2midi程式只有在没有L：领域值时才使用此公式。
The tempo is usually indicated with the Q: field command,eg. Q:1/4=180 which is interpreted as 180
quarter beats per minute.In compliance with the abc standard 2.0, you may alsoindicate the tempo
using directives such as "lento","allegro", "vivace" etc.
速度通常是用Q：领域值表示，譬如，Q:1/4=180代表每分钟180个四分音符。新的abc2.0文件
标准允许使用文字领域值如 "lento", "allegro", "vivace" 等来指定速度。（新用法的例子见下。）
The following table based
onhttp://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/tempo/tempo1.htmlwas used to translate
the indications:
下表是根据网页http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/tempo/tempo1.html所制。
用于对照文字领域值及数字领域值：
Larghissimo 1/4=40 Moderato 1/4=104
Adagissimo 1/4=44 Allegretto 1/4=112
Lentissimo 1/4=48 Allegro 1/4=120
Largo 1/4=56 Vivace 1/4=168
Adagio 1/4=59 Vivo 1/4=180
Lento 1/4=62 Presto 1/4=192
Larghetto 1/4=66 Allegrissimo 1/4=208
Adagietto 1/4=76 Vivacissimo 1/4=220
Andante 1/4=88 Prestissimo 1/4=240
Andantino 1/4=96
Note: case is ignored (eg. ALLEGRO Allegro or allegro are treatedthe same). The directive must be
enclosed in double quotes.
注：文字领域值忽略大小写（例如，ALLEGRO， Allegro or allegro将被视为相同）。文字领域值
必须在双引号中，例如Q: "Adagio"。
Reference上述资料来源是: http://abc.sourceforge.net/standard/abc2-draft.html#Q:%20-
%20tempo
Examples:例子
X:1
T:tempo
M:2/4
L:1/4
K:G
Q: "Adagio"
CD|EF|
Q: "Adagio" 1/4=40
GA|Bc|
（译者：保持abc曲子原文，abc曲子原文应被视爲译文的一部分。）
(In the second tempo command, the 1/4=40 overrides the default1/4=59.)
第二个速度领域值，Q: "Adagio" 1/4=40，中1/4=40取代了默认值1/4=59。
The symbols M:C and M:C| give common time (4/4) and cut time (2/2)The symbol M:none omits the
meter entirely (free meter).
领域值M:C 及 M:C| 分别代表节拍4/4 及2/2。领域值M:none 表示自由节拍。
It is also possible to specify a complex meter, e.g. M:(2+3+2)/8, to make explicit which beats should be
accented. The parentheses around the numerator are optional.
也可以指定复杂的节拍，例如M:(2 + 3+ 2）/8，用来明确地指出重音所在。周围的括号可有可无。
Key Signature:调号
The K: is made up of a base note A-G possibly followed by b for flat or# for sharp. This specifies a major
key. A minor key can be specifiedby adding an m while Mixolydian and Dorian modes can be specified
by addingMix and Dor respectively e.g.
调号领域值由下列部分组成，符号K：，大调名字包括一个基础音（A到G），随后可以有升降
号b或＃。小调可以通过添加一个m来代表。而Mixolydian和Dorian模式则是由添加Mix和
Dor 来代表。如下例：
K:Eb降E调
K:EDorE调Dorian模式
K:EbDor降E调Dorian模式
The following table relates the number of sharps or flats you see on thestave to what is in the K: field :
下表是五线谱上升降号数目与K领域值的对照表:
7 sharps: C# A#m G#Mix D#Dor
6 sharps: F# D#m C#Mix G#Dor
5 sharps: B G#m F#Mix C#Dor
4 sharps: E C#m BMix F#Dor
3 sharps: A F#m EMix BDor
2 sharps: D Bm AMix EDor HP Hp
1 sharp : G Em DMix ADor
0 sharps: C Am GMix DDor无升降号：C调，A小调，G调 Mix模式， D 调Dor模式。
1 flat : F Dm CMix GDor
2 flats : Bb Gm FMix CDor
3 flats : Eb Cm BbMix FDor
4 flats : Ab Fm EbMix BbDor
5 flats : Db Bbm AbMix EbDor
6 flats : Gb Ebm DbMix AbDor
7 flats : Cb Abm GbMix DbDor
（译者：上表应被视爲译文的一部分。）
As an extension, abc2midi also recognizes "Maj" for Major "Min" for Minor,"Phr" for Phrygian, "Lyd"
for Lydian, "Aeo" for Aeolian and "Loc" forLocrian. Thus CMaj, EPhr, FLyd, AAeo and BLoc will all
generate a stave with no sharps or flats. If you use one of these modes in the key signature, it is
recommended that you add a comment giving the number of sharps or flats forthe benefit of other
people who may not be familiar with modes. e.g.
在abc2midi程式中下列缩写符号也可以使用："Maj" 代表 Major， "Min"代表Minor, "Phr"代表
Phrygian, "Lyd"代表Lydian, "Aeo"代表Aeolian， "Loc"代表Locrian。因此CMaj, EPhr, FLyd, AAeo 及
Bloc都会产生一个没有升降号的五綫谱。因爲很多人不熟悉‘模式’，如果调号领域值中有模
式符号，建议添加注释説明有几个升降号。例如
K: DLoc % 3 flats D 调Loc模式，注释：3个降记号。
The key signature may be followed by modifiers. A modifier consists of ^^, ^=, _ or __ followed by a-g.
As an example, ^g means every a should be playedsharp unless otherwise marked in the music. This
adds ^g to the existingkey signature. For exampleK: G ^c^g will produce a key signature similar to A
major.
调号之后可以有‘修饰符’。修饰符可以是升^，平=，或降_，符号后面跟一个a到g的音阶。
例如，^g表示每一个g音演奏时，除非乐谱中另有标注，应升半音。例如K: G ^c^g调号代表一
个类似A大调的调子。
Following the abc draft 2.0 standard, inserting the string exp in the key signature will cause abc2midi to
override the existing key signature. ThusK: A exp _bwill remove the f,c and g sharps and put a b-flat
instead. You may useboth upper and lower case letters as key modifiers since they aredistinguished by
abcm2ps.
根据abc2.0版规范的草案，使用abc2midi时可以用exp字串来改变调子，效果是用新的修饰符
取代原有的修饰符。例如K: A exp _b 代表取消升f，c和g并加入降b。修饰符可以以大写或小
写字母代表。
Another extension of the K: field is that it can include a clef specifier，an octave specifier and a
transpose specifier e.g.
K:G clef=soprano octave=-1 transpose=-1
调号领域值也可以包括谱号值，八度值，和转调值。例如
K:G clef=soprano octave=-1 transpose=-1（用法説明于下）。
The clef is recognized by typesetting programs such as yaps and abc2mpsand in some situations it will
cause abc2midi to transpose the notesup or down by an octave. Recognized clefs are treble,bass,
baritone, tenor, alto, mezzo and soprano. There are also variantsof these clefs; treble-8, tenor-8,
treble+8 covering ranges which are anoctave below and an octave above the normal treble clef.
Othervariants are not recognized at this time. No transposition isassumed for the bass clef since many
abc files enter the noteswith all the commas.
常用的排版程式，例如yaps和abc2mps，可以辨认‘谱号值’，但在某些情况下，谱号值会导
致abc2midi程式将音符移调向上或向下一个八度。公认的谱号值是treble, bass, baritone, tenor,
alto, mezzo and soprano（这些谱号值大致是高音，低音，中音，男高音，女中音，次女高音和
女高音）。由这些谱号演绎出来的谱号有些也可接受，譬如：treble-8高音-8，覆盖范围是低于
正常高音谱号一个八度，及treble+8 高音+8，覆盖范围是高于正常高音谱号一个八度。其它演
绎出来的谱号目前不能使用。出现低音谱号不意味已转调，因为许多abc文件输入音符时已加
了所需的逗号。
The octave specifier is a convenience to make entering music easier.It allows the user to avoid
repeatedly entering commas or apostropheswhen entering a sequence of low or high notes. Both
yaps and abc2midiwill transpose the notes by the specified number of octaves during the parsing stage,
e.g. the passage B,,, C,, D,, E,, F,, could be written more compactly as
I:octave=-2
B, C D E F
I:octave=0
使用‘八度值’使输入音符更省事，在输入一序列的高或低音符时不需要重复输入逗号或撇号。
写谱程式如yaps或abc2midi将音符依指定数量转移八度，譬如乐段B,,, C,, D,, E,, F,,可以更紧凑
地写成
I:octave=-2
B, C D E F
I:octave=0
Some instruments such as the Bb clarinet automatically transpose thewritten music. For example in
the case of the clarinet, the music iswritten in the key of C but the instrument plays it in the key of
Bb.For multivoiced tunes, the %%MIDI transpose indication is not that usefulsince it transposes all the
voices by the specified amount. The transpose=n subcommand in the K: field tells abc2midi to
transposea particular voice by n semitones without affecting how it appears inthe printed score. For
example for the tune,
一些乐器会将乐谱上的音乐自动转位。譬如降B调单簧管，用C调编写的音乐，乐器将以降B
调演奏。对于多声部，multi voiced ，曲调，%%MIDI transpose 指令是没有多大用处的，因为会
将所有声部都按指定量调换了。这时，可用调号领域值中的transpose=n指令，指示abc2midi
将一个指定的声部移调n个半音。例如，下一段曲子，
X:1
T:tranposing
M:1/8
L:2/4
K:C
V:1
K:C transpose=-1
CDEF|GABc|
V:2
K:C
CDEF|GABc
V:1
CDEF|GABc|
V:2
CDEF|GABc
（译者：保持abc曲子原文，abc曲子原文应被视爲译文的一部分。）
Voice 1 will be played one semitone lower than indicated.These transposition features are disabled for
channel 10 whichis reserved for percussion instruments.
第一组声音，Voice 1，演奏时会比文中所示，即CDEF|GABc|，低一个半音。请注意：留给打击
乐器的第十通道，channel 10，没有这些换位的功能。
Voice indication:声音标示
Many multivoiced abc files now use the V: indication tospecify additional information such as the clef,
name ofthe voice (to appear in the score). Furthermore, theV: indication may occur in the header (i.e.
before thefirst K: indication), for the sole purpose of specifyingsuch information. Abc2midi, yaps and
abc2abc now recognizesthe subfields octave=, clef= and transpose= in the V:field and treats them in
the same manner as if they occurredin a K: field (as discussed above). Thus the V: field mayappear as
多重声部曲调可以使用声音领域值，V：，指定附加的信息，例如谱号，声部在乐谱上的名称等
等。声音领域值可以出现在表头部分（即在第一个调号领域值之前）。在声音领域中，程式
abc2midi，yaps和abc2abc可识别下列指令octave=,八度，clef= ，谱号，及 transpose=，转音，
它们在声音领域的功能与在调号领域相同。（详见上文）。一些使用的例子如下
V: 1 clef=treble+8
Or或
[V: 3 transpose=3]
The V: field is also recognized in both the body and headerof the abc file. Note that not all abc
applications may recognizethese extensions, so you use them at the risk that they may not be treated
as expected in some cases. Also in the event thatthere is a conflicting indication in either the voice
orkey signature field, eg. [V: 1 clef=transpose+8 octave=-1]the clef indication predominates.
声音领域值可以出现在表头部分，也可以出现在内涵部分。请注意，并非所有的abc程式对声
音领域值的识别能力都一样，在某些情况下，可能会有不如预期的结果。此外若声音领域或调
号领域中指令有冲突时，谱号，clef= ，指令爲准。
These transposition features are disabled for channel 10which is reserved for percussion instruments.
请注意：留给打击乐器的第十通道，channel 10，没有换位的功能。
The Body of the Tune曲子的内涵
--------------------
Following the header is the tune. This is a textual notation for the things you might see on a stave :
表头部分后面是曲子的内涵部分，由五线谱上看到的东西的文字符号所组成。
Notes: 音符
A note consists of a pitch specifier followed by a length. Available pitch specifiers are :
C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C D E F G A B c d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b'
在本文中音符包括音高标记及声音长度。可用的音高标记从低到高爲：C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C D E F
G A B c d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b'
This covers 4 octaves. abc2midi allows lower octaves to be reached by adding extra , characters and
higher octaves to be reached by adding extra ' characters. However, this is not standard abc and may
not be supported by other abc utilities.
上列标记涵盖了四个八度。在abc2midi程式中，更低的八度可以用增加逗号，,，来代表，更高
的八度可以用增加引号，'，来代表。但是这种表示方法不是标准abc文法所以可能不被其他
abc 程式接受。
You can raise or lower the pitch specifier a semitone by preceding it with ^ or _ respectively. The key
signature and preceding sharps, flats and bar lines modify the default pitch in the same way as on a
stave. Preceding a note with = generates natural pitch and ^^ and __ can be used for double sharp and
double flat respectively.
升记号，^，或降记号，_，加在一个音高标记前代表提高或调低一个半音。一个音符的实际音
高，和在五綫谱上一样，是由调号，音符前面的升降记号，及小节号决定。音高标记前如有自
然记号，=，音高回到自然高度。此外，双升记号，^^，和双降记号，__，都是可以接受的。
Microtones are indicated by following a ^ or _ with a fraction. ^/C is played as one quarter tone (i.e.
half a semitone) above C. _/C is played as one quarter tone (i.e. half a semitone) below C. ^^/4F is
played as 1/4 of a semitone above F#. (The microtone always follows any accidentals.) In general a
microtone offset is indicated by a fraction using the same convention as note length (described below).
Abcmidi uses the same microtone syntax as abcm2ps. (See features.txt in the abcm2ps distribution.)
微调，microtone，记号由升降记号，^或_，及斜綫组成。譬如，音符 ^/ C演奏时比C高四分之
一音（即半个半音），音符_/ C演奏时比C低四分之一音（即半个半音），音符^^/4F演奏时比
F＃高四分之一个半音。（如有升降记号时microtone记号在升降记号后面）。程式abc2midi与
abcm2ps使用相同的微调，microtone，语法。（详见abcm2ps软件中features.txt一文。）
Note that unlike accidentals, microtones do not propagate across a measure. Microtones are
implemented using the MIDI pitchwheel command. Since the pitchwheel affects all notes played on a
specific channel, a microtone applied to any note in a chord specified by rectangular brackets, (eg.
[ACE]) will apply to all the notes in the chord. Microtone accidentals override any sharpening or
flattening induced by key signatures. To illustrate
K: G
^/F F ^^/2F F|
does the following. Even though the key of G major causes F to be sharp, the first note is F natural
raised by half a semitone. This effects the next note in making it F natural instead of F#. The third note
is F# raised by a half a semitone. The F# propagates to the last note making it also F#.
下面是微调，microtone，的一些特性。演奏时，微调是使用MIDI pitchwheel指令来实现，其效
果不能跨过小节綫。由于pitchwheel会影响分配在一个通道，channel,的所有音符，所以矩形括
号指定的和弦，如：[ACE]，中的任何音符被微调了则此和弦的所有音符都被微调。微调记号取
代了调号中所有的升降记号。譬如説
K: G
^/F F ^^/2F F|
代表下列这些音高。虽然G大调中F音升半音，由于微调符号，第一个F是自然音高提高半个
半音，第二个F是自然音高，而不是F＃。第三个音是F＃提高半个半音，升记号传播到最后一
个音符，所以它也是F＃。
In accordance to the General MIDI recommendations the pitch range of the pitchwheel is set to plus or
minus two semitones. Therefore abc2midi cannot go beyond this range.
通常MIDI pitchwheel的音高范围是加减二个半音，因此程式abc2midi能接受的微调的音域不能
超越这个范围。
Microtones may be placed between tied notes, producing a pitch bend effect. eg G- ^/G.
微调可以用于连音，产生滑音的效果，例如G- ^/G.
Microtones have been introduced fairly recently into abc2midi (Mar 2005); so far there is very little abc
notated on the web which exploits this feature.
微调最近才被abc2midi程式接受（2005年3月）;到目前为止利用此功能谱写的abc曲子在网络
上还很少发现。
The length is in general specified by a fraction following the pitch specifier. However, the notation is
made more concise by allowing much of the fraction to be omitted.
声音的长度由音高标记后面的‘分数’来表示。但是，通用符号常被简化了。
C - selects a note of 1 unit note length.
C2 - selects a note of 2 unit note lengths.
C/2 - selects a note of 1/2 unit note length.
C3/4 - selects a note of 3/4 unit note length.
C - 一单位音符长。
C2 - 二单位音符长。
C/2 - 二分之一单位音符长。
C3/4 - 四分之三单位音符长。
C/ is allowed as an abbreviation of C/2. C// is allowed as an abbreviation of C/4. However, this is not
standard notation and is not allowed by all abc programs.
符号C/2可以简写爲C/，符号C/4可以简写爲C//。但这些不是标准写法，有些abc程式可能不
接受。
No space is allowed within a note, but space may be used to separate notes in the tune.
一个‘音符’不能含有‘空白’，但空白可以在音符之间以区分音符。
Rests are written by using 'z' as the pitch specifier.
z3 - a rest of 3 unit note lengths.
Multiple bar rests can be created using 'Zn' where n is the number of bars rest required. This is an
extension to the standard syntax.
休止符以‘z’爲音高标记。如下例
z3 - 休止三单位音符长。
多小节休止符可以用‘Zn’来表示，其中n是休止的小节数。
Placing a dot before a note causes it to be played staccato. (.e)
Placing a M before a note indicates legato. (Me)
Placing a H before a note indicates a fermata. (He)
Placing a T before a note indicates that this note is trilled. (Te)
Placing a R before a note indicates that this note is rolled. (Re)
在音高标记前的句号代表断音，staccato，例如.e
在音高标记前的M代表连奏，legato，例如Me
在音高标记前的H代表延音，fermata，例如He
在音高标记前的T代表颤音，trill，例如Te
在音高标记前的R代表回响，roll，例如Re
Alternatively you may put !fermata! or !trill! before the note. Other decorations have not been
implemented in this manner. The fermata may also be applied to a rest, (in order to handle
multivoiced files).
使用!fermata! 或 !trill!于音高标记前也可达到同样的效果。类似的文法不适用于其他的装饰音。
Combining notes 连音
Three notes of the same length can be turned into a triplet by prefixing them with (3. This has the
effect of multiplying the note lengths by 2/3. A chord can be represented by bracketting the notes
together within [ and ] e.g. [a2e2]. An older notation which is also supported is to use + symbols e.g.
+a2e2+. The - symbol can be used to tie together notes of the same pitch e.g. a2-a; this is equivalent
to a3.
和弦以将音符一起包围在[和]之间来表示，例如[a2e2]。旧的和弦表示方法，使用符号+，比如+
a2e2+，也可以接受。符号- 可以用于连接两个相同音高的音，例如. a2-a，与a3相同。
From version 1.4 of abc2midi, the support of tuples and chords is extended to include general tuple
notation (p:q:r , [ and ] for chords and a more flexible system of interpreting chords. (p:q:r means play
the next r notes at q/p of their notated value. Thus (3:2:3 is equivalent to an ordinary triplet (3 .
三连音的表示方法是将符号（3加在三个相同长度的音符前。从1.4版本开始，abc2midi 也接受
下述连音的表示方法。符号(p:q:r 表示，接着的r 个音符，必须在q单位音长内演奏p个音符，
根据这个解释(3:2:3 就是普通的三连音(3。
It is possible in abc to write notes of different lengths within a chord e.g. [ab2] . In this case, abc2midi
takes the length of the first note (or rest) in a chord is taken as the time before the next note is played.
However, if the music is to be typeset, this notation should be avoided because the output will be
ambiguous. Instead, the same effect can be achieved using tied notes e.g. [ab2] c is equivalent to [ab-]
[bc]. A tie sign is always assumed to belong to the immediately previous note.
根据abc曲子的规则，和弦内可以有不同长度的音符例如[ab2]。在这种情况下，abc2midi采用
和弦的第一个音符（或休止符）的长度为演奏下一个音符之前的时间间隔。如果音乐将被排版，
则应该避免这种表示法，以免造成误会。同样的效果可以通过连音达成，例如[ab2] c等于[ab-]
[bc]。此处连接綫符号是和上一个音符一起，所以效果是把b连接了。
A run of 2 or more different notes may be grouped together in a slur. This usually means that the
notes are to be played together as smoothly as possible. In typeset music, a slur looks very similar to a
tie, but in abc, ( marks the start of a slur and ) marks the end. e.g. (abc) . abc2midi recognizes slurs, but
they have no effect on the MIDI generated.
两个或更多不同的音符可以用一个圆滑綫连在一起。通常意味着这些音符必须一起圆滑地演奏。
在abc曲子中左括号，（，标志着一个圆滑綫的开始，而右括号，），标志着一个圆滑綫的结
束，例如（abc）。圆滑綫可用于abc2midi，但对产生的MIDI没有影响。
Bar lines and variant endings 小节綫及乐曲终结符号
| is an ordinary barline
|| is a double barline
:| is "repeat last section".
|: is "repeat next section".
:: is "repeat last and next sections".
|1 or |[1 or | [1 is "first repeat ending".
:|2 or :|[2 or :| [2 is "second repeat ending".
|[1,3 is first and third ending
:|[2,4 is second and fourth ending
|] and [| are variants of ||.
The notation :: is short for :| followed by |: .
| 标准的小节綫。
|| 双小节綫。
:| 重复上段。
|: 重复下段。
:: 重复上段及下段。
|1 或|[1 或| [1 第一次重复。
:|2或:|[2或:| [2 第二次重复。
|[1,3 第一及第三次重复。
:|[2,4第二及第四次重复。
|] 及 [| 与||一样。
符号::是:||: 的缩写。
A tune with different ending for the first, second and third repeats has the general form:
|: common body of tune |1 first ending :|2 second ending :|3 third ending ||
当曲子重复三次，每次有不同的结尾时，曲子的模式如下
|: 共同的部分 |1 第一次结尾:|2 第二次结尾:|3第三次结尾||
You may also use this notation to indicate that the first ending is played on the first and third repeat.
For example
|:common body of tune|1,3 first ending :|2 second ending :|4 forth ending|
(The last variant ending should not end with a :|. In other words, this will not work correctly. |: ...
|[1,2 :|.)
以下模式代表第一及第三次结尾相同
|: 共同的部分 |1,3 第一，三次结尾:|2 第二次结尾:|4第四次结尾|
（上述模式不可以:|号结束。也就是说 |: ... |[1,2 :|是不正确的。)
For multivoice abc files, you should be careful that the different voices share the same repeat
structure. When switching voices (assuming they are interleaved) abc2midi does not cache the repeat
state.
在多声部，multivoice，曲子中，不同的声部必须有相同的重复结构。当需要切换声部时
abc2midi假设不同的声部都在相同的重复位置。
Printed music commonly misses out a start repeat at the beginning of a tune. abc2midi will try to fix up
things if you miss out a start repeat in single voice music. Where a tune starts with an anacrusis,
abc2midi will always fix a repeat to start at the anacrusis rather than the first barline. It is
recommended that you use matching start and end repeats rather than rely on this behaviour. Missing
start repeats are not supported in multiple voice music. Also, abc2midi does not allow nested repeats.
However, you can use the more versatile part notation to achieve multiple repeats.
乐谱通常不标记在乐曲开头的重复记号。在单声部的曲子中 abc2midi会尝试修复在乐曲开头的
重复记号。如果乐曲不是由小节綫开始，即有anacrusis的情形，重复由第一个音符而不是第一
个小节线开始。最好是重复的开始和结束明显地相互匹配，而不要依赖abc2midi来修复。上述
的修复功能不适用于多声部曲子。此外，abc2midi不允许重复的句子在重复的句子中。因此须
用部分符号来实现多重重复。（部分符号的用法会在后面的章节中描述。）
It is not unusual to see music where a repeat does not coincide with the end of a bar and the number
of beats is not quite correct if the piece is played exactly as written. A human player usually knows
enough to correct the mistake themselves, but abc2midi will play exactly what is written, so care
needs to be taken that this is corrected when the piece is transcribed to abc.
乐谱中重复部分的小错误，譬如拍数不对或没终止在一个小节綫等等，相当常见。乐师演奏时
通常会自动更正乐谱中的错误，但abc2midi只会按谱演奏，所以当写作abc曲子时，必须非常
小心避免错误。
Rhythm field and Broken Rhythm Notation节奏领域值及点音符
---------------------------------------
R:hornpipe causes notes written in straight time to be played in dotted time. The symbol > can be
used to achieve a similar effect. For 4/4 time this is applied to the 1/8 notes. For 2/4 time this is applied
to the 1/16 notes.
a>b is notated as a3/2b/2 but played as a4/3b2/3.
Hornpipe是爱尔兰的一个传统曲调，用了很多点音符，（点音符的效果爲延长音符的一半长
度）。节奏领域值R：hornpipe转变正常写成的音符爲点音符。符号>可用来实现同样的效果。
音符a>b 代表a3/2b/2，但abc2midi会演奏成a4/3b2/3。
The symbols <>><<>>><<< have similar meanings:
a<b is notated as a/2b3/2 but played as a2/3b4/3.
a>>b is notated and played as a7/4b/4.
a<<b is notated and played as a/4b7/4.
a>>>b is notated and played as a15/8b/8.
a<<<b is notated and played as a/8b15/8.
下列符号<>><<>>><<<达到类似的效果，
a<b 代表a/2b3/2，演奏成a2/3b4/3。
a>>b 代表a7/4b/4，也演奏成a7/4b/4。
a<<b 代表a/4b7/4，也演奏成a/4b7/4。
a>>>b 代表a15/8b/8，也演奏成a15/8b/8。
a<<<b 代表a/8b15/8，也演奏成a/8b15/8。
These times may be adjusted for < and > using the %%MIDI ratio command described later.
符号<和>的效果可以用%%MIDI ratio 指令改变。如何使用将在以后的章节解释。
Beware that attempting "advanced" use of these symbols may mean your abc is not portable between
different abc programs. If the notes on either side of the symbol are different lengths, this is reported
as an error. If a and b are not simple notes, or if there are other complications, then it is safer to write
the note lengths directly.
需注意下列事项，使用这些‘高级’功能，会使abc曲子无法通用在诸多程式中。在<或>符号
两端的音符长度必须相同。如果两端的音符不是简单的音符，最好直接将各个音的长度标明。
Guitar chords : 吉他和弦
Anything in quotes is a guitar chord e.g. "A" "Gm" "B7" "Bm7" "D#aug" "Bbdim7". Guitar chords must
use upper case A-G followed by optional # or b, then the name of a chord type e.g. "m", "aug", "7".
abc2midi currently recognizes the following chord names :
m, 7, m7, maj7, M7, 6, m6, aug, +, aug7, dim, dim7, 9, m9, maj9, M9,
11, dim9, sus, sus9, 7sus4, 7sus9, 5
You can also add your own; see the %%MIDI chordname command below.
吉他和弦须包括在双引号内，例如"A"，"GM"，"B7"，"BM7"，"D#aug" ，"Bdim7"。吉他和
弦的命名必须使用大写字母A～G，如有需要＃或b记号，然后是和弦的种类，例如"m", "aug",
"7"等等。目前下列和弦种类可用于abc2midi：
m, 7, m7, maj7, M7, 6, m6, aug, +, aug7, dim, dim7, 9, m9, maj9, M9,
11, dim9, sus, sus9, 7sus4, 7sus9, 5
如有需要可用%%MIDI chordname 指令添加和弦种类。
abc2midi automatically generates an accompaniment from the guitar chords. There are a number of
default chord/fundamental rhythms for common time signatures which this uses, or you can set up
your own.
使用一套默认的和弦及基本节拍的组合，程式abc2midi可从指定的吉他和弦自动生成伴奏。这
样产生的结果如不理想，使用者也可以另行建立合适的伴奏。
Lower case a-g followed by optional # or b will generate a single note, the fundamental, only.
小写字母a～g，如有需要跟着＃或b记号，代表单音，不是和弦。
The chord notation also allows chords such as "G/B" or "G/b". The note following the / is interpreted in
one of two ways: If the note following / does not exist as part of the given chord, it is added to the
chord below the root note of the chord (G in the above example). If the note following / does exist in
the chord, then the notes of the chord are re-arranged so that it becomes the lowest pitch note of the
chord. This is known as an inversion of the chord. It does not matter whether the note following the /
is upper or lower case. They are both treated the same.
和弦符号诸如"G / B"或"G/ B"可被接受。斜綫，/，后面的音符作用如下：如果斜綫后面的
音符不是和弦的一部分，则添加它到和弦根音音符（在上面的例子中的G）的下方。如果斜綫
后面的音符是和弦的一部分，则重新排列和弦音符，使得它成为和弦的最低音符。这叫做和弦
的反转。此处，綫后面的音符可以是大写或小写。
This notation has been extended so that finger numbers "1" "2" "3", "4" or "5" are allowed. abc2midi
ignores these, but a typesetting program might support them.
和弦符号可以包含手指数 "1" "2" "3", "4" 或 "5"，但abc2midi 会忽略这些数字。有些印谱的程式
可能会接受这些数字。
You may find some abc tunes that abuse this notation and use quotes for things that are not guitar
chords. Usually these are tunes which have been typeset but never played by a computer. If you don't
want to just delete things in quotes, you can insert one of the characters _, ^, @, < or > after the first
quote e.g. "_Chorus" "_Very Loud". This causes abc2midi to ignore the following text. However,
typesetting programs should recognize the first character as telling them where to print the following
text.
一些abc 曲子会错用双引号，将不是吉他和弦的符号放在双引号内。这些曲子不能用电脑演奏。
如果真的需要将不是吉他和弦的符号放在双引号内，可以在第一个双引号后插入下列符号之一，
_，^，@，<，或>，例如"_合唱团"，"^非常响亮"等等。这个插入的符号会导致abc2midi
忽略双引号内的文字。
Another extension is to allow musical instructions to appear in exclamation marks e.g. !pizzicato!
abc2midi currently supports the following :
!ppp! !pp! !p! !mp! !mf! !f! !ff! !fff!
Default volume is equivalent to !f!.
音乐表情指示可以放在两个惊叹号，！，内，例如!pizzicato! 关于强度abc2midi 目前接受
!ppp! !pp! !p! !mp! !mf! !f! !ff! !fff!
默认值是!f!。
In both the " " and ! ! fields, abc2midi allows multiple terms separated by semi-colons e.g. "Am;1".
在双引号及惊叹号内，可以有多重指示或名称，名词间以分号分开，例如. "Am;1"，!pp；
pizzicato！
下面是一些表情指示及説明
The !breath! instruction causes the note to be played half length followed by a rest of half its length
(just like staccato).
!breath! 演奏该音符的一半长度，休止另一半长度。
The !arpeggio! instruction affects the next chord and introduces a larger delay between the onset of
each note in the chord. (See the text preceding %%MIDI chordattack in this file for more explanations.)
!arpeggio! 下一个和弦，加长音与音开始演奏时间之间隔。
The !crescendo(! and !crescendo)! delineate the start and end of a crescendo. Alternatively, you can
use !<(! and !<)!. Abc2midi does not implement a gradual loudness increase, but instead increases the
loudness at the start and end of the crescendo by a fixed amount. (See %%MIDI beatmod
and %%MIDI deltaloudness for more information.)
!crescendo(! 和 !crescendo)! 指定渐强的范围。也可用!<(! 和 !<)!。
The !diminuendo(! and !diminuendo)! behave similarly but reduce the loudness. These instructions
have not been implemented in yaps.
!diminuendo(! 和 !diminuendo)! 指定渐弱的范围。
!ped! and !ped-end! press and release the sustain pedal on the piano. (The notes following !ped! and
preceding !ped-end! are held. This effect applies to all instruments besides the piano.)
!ped! 和 !ped-end! 指定踏下延音踏板的范围。
A line of music may contain any number of notes, barlines and guitar chords. Spaces may be used to
separate these.
乐曲中每一行由音符，小节綫，及和弦组成。组成成分之间可以以空白分开。
Some abc fields may appear within the body of the abc tune :
有些abc 领域可能出现在abc 曲子的内涵中，表列如下：
K: - change key 换曲调
L: - change unit note length 换单位音符长度
M: - change meter 换拍子
Q: - change tempo 换速度
P: - part label 分段
V: - voice label 声部
w: - words to be matched syllable by syllable to notes 歌词
Each field must be on a line by itself.
每个领域必须独自在一行上。
Part Notation 乐段
-------------
A part label must be a single character in the range A - Z. e.g. P:A. A parts specifier in the header can be
used to define the MIDI output as some combination of the specified parts e.g.
P:ABACABA
乐段的名字由单独一个字母组成，标记如P:A。在曲子表头的乐段领域值用来标示乐曲乐段的组
成及顺序，例如：
P:ABACABA
You can use ( )<number> to repeat a part a specified number of times e.g. P:A(AB)6 is equivalent to
P:AABABABABABAB. If there are no brackets, just the last part is repeated, so P:AAB3 is equivalent to
P:AABBB. Dots may be inserted into the part specifier to make it easier to read e.g P:A.AB.AC
乐段领域值用 ( )<数目>代表重复，例如P:A(AB)6 即是P:AABABABABABAB。如果没有括号，最
后一段重复，例如：P:AAB3即是P:AABBB。段与段之间可以点来分离以便閲读，例如：
P:A.AB.AC。
If there is no parts specifier, the output is simply the parts (or just the unlabelled music) in the order in
which it appears in the tune body.
如果曲子表头没有乐段领域值，乐曲由乐段按照在曲子出现的顺序组成。
You may if you wish have multiple voices sounding concurrently within each part. These are indicated
with V:N to indicate voice number N.
e.g.
V:1
<music for voice part 1>
V:2
<music for voice part 2>
and so on.
在每个乐段中可以有多重声部。声部由V:数目来表示，如下例
V:1
<声部1>
V:2
<声部2>
等等
A part label implicitly starts with V:1, as does the K: field which starts the tune body, so you are not
allowed to place a part label within a voice. The duration of each of the voice parts must be the same
for them to synchronize correctly; abc2midi will warn you if they are not! From version 1.7 onwards,
abc2midi allows any voice apart from voice 1 to be completely omitted from a part.
但声部内不能再分乐段。每个声部的长度必须是相同的，如有不同abc2midi 会发出警告。从
abc2midi1.7 版开始，任何乐段仅需要有一个声部，（即有些声部可以出现在某些乐段，但不在
另一些乐段）。
If no field appears after the first K:, whatever follows is assumed to belong to voice 1 (the default
voice). The V: field is an extension to abc 1.5.
如果在第一个调号，K：，领域后没有声部，V:，领域，则后续的乐曲属于声部1（默认声部）。
The lines between one V:N field and the next V: field define a region belonging to voice N. Within a
part, you may have more than one such region for each voice. The music for voice N within a part is all
the voice N regions taken in sequence.
在声部领域记号V:N和下个声部领域记号之间的乐曲段落属于第N个声部。
The M:, L: and K: fields in the header apply to all voices. After the header, these fields apply only to the
voice in which they appear. In previous versions of abc2midi, an L:, for example, would affect
everything after it appeared up until the next L:, regardless of what voice changes there were.
曲子表头的‘节拍’，M:，'单位音符长度’， L:，和 '调号’，K: ，领域值通用于所有声部。
表头以后，这些领域值仅适用于它们所在的声部。（但在早期版本，一个领域值适用于下一个
同样的领域值出现前的所有乐段，不论是那个声部。）
The Q: tempo field should only appear in voice 1 and applies to all voices.
‘速度’，Q:，领域值仅能出现在第一个声部中，但通用于所有声部。
The U: abbreviation field has limited use here. You can specify an abbreviation such as
U: P = !trill!
and then in the body, eg. |DGAPF|, P will be replaced with !trill! Only letters between H and Z can be
used. Furthermore, you can not redefine reserved letters such as H (fermata), L (unit length), M
(mordent) , R (roll) , T (trill).
‘缩写’，U:，领域用法説明如下，假如有领域值
U: P = !trill!
则乐曲内涵中的 P是!trill!的缩写，|DGAPF|等于|DGA!trill!F|。请注意，缩写须用H 到 Z之间的
大写且没有特定意义的字母。有特定意义的字母如H (fermata), L (unit length), M (mordent) , R
(roll) , T (trill)等，不可使用。
Adding Lyrics to a Tune如何爲曲子加上歌词
-----------------------
The w: field (lower case w) in the body of a tune supplies a line of lyrics to be matched syllable by
syllable to the last line of notes. These are usually printed below the notes if the abc is typeset.
‘歌词’，w:，领域值，(w是小写)，是与曲子一字配一音的歌词。当abc文件被列印成曲谱时，
配合的曲行和词行交叉印出，每个字会在所配的音的下面。
The W: field (upper case W) can be used for lyrics to be typeset separately if the abc is printed out.
‘附歌词’，W:，领域值，(W是大写)，是与曲谱分开来的歌词。当abc文件被列印成曲谱时，
曲行和词行不交叉印出。
abc2midi uses these to generate karaoke MIDI files. A karaoke MIDI file can contain more than one set
of lyrics in separate voices; an example is shown at the end of this section. By default the lyrics are
embedded in the same MIDI track as the notes. If the runtime parameter -STFW is included, then the
lyrics will be placed in separate and adjoining MIDI tracks. When the karaoke MIDI file is played using
an appropriate player program, the lyrics appear on the screen with the current syllable highlighted.
程式abc2midi 利用歌词，w:，领域值来产生karaoke MIDI档。通常karaoke MIDI档可以有多重
声部，每部有各别的歌词。没有特别指定时，曲子和歌词在同一个MIDI轨道，track，中。如果
指定了参数-STFW ，程式abc2midi将曲子和歌词放在相邻的MIDI轨道中。
Within the lyrics, the following symbols may be used :
<space> break between words
- break between syllables within a word
| advance to next bar
_ indicates last syllable is to be held for another note
* indicates a one note rest for the singer.
~ appears as a space but connects syllables each side into one.
\- appears as - in the output
\ continuation character. Next w: field is part of the same line.
下列符号可用于歌词，w:，领域值：
<空白>分开两个词
- 分开词中的两个字
| 进到下个小节
_ 上个字延长一个音
* 休息一个音
~ 连接两个词
\- 列印出- (符号-有特殊用处，假如歌词中需要-，必须这么作。)
\ 继续。下一个歌词，w:，领域值是这行的延续。
A rest is not matched by any lyrics. A tied note e.g. d2-d2 is treated as 2 notes (or however many parts
it is written as), despite the fact that it only plays as a single note.
休止符不能与歌词相配。延长音，譬如 d2-d2，配以歌词时应分开来算。
abc2midi ignores space characters if they occur either (a) between the end of a word/syllable and a
hyphen or underscore or (b) between a hyphen or underscore and the beginning of a word/syllable.
However, some software incorrectly treats a hyphen as a separate word if there is a space between it
and the previous syllable, so, for example, you should write go-ing and not go - ing to ensure that your
abc is portable between programs.
‘空白’及‘-’两个符号的组合在不同程式中作用可能不同，所以如要用‘-’于歌词中最好
写成‘歌-词’而避免写成‘歌 -词’，‘歌-词’或‘歌 -词’。
Here are some examples taken from http://abc.sourceforge.net/standard/abc2-draft.html
w: syll-a-ble is aligned with three notes
w: syll-a--ble is aligned with four notes
w: syll-a -ble (equivalent to the previous line)
w: time__ is aligned with three notes
w: of~the~day is treated as one syllable (i.e. aligned with one note) but appears as three separate
words
一些例子
w: 多-雷-米匹配三个音
w: 多-雷--米匹配四个音
w: 多-雷 -米匹配四个音
w: 多__ 匹配三个音
w: 多~雷~米虽然看起来是三个字，但匹配一个音
The following example illustrates most of these :
再一个例子
gf|e2dc B2A2|B2G2 E2D2|.G2.G2 GABc|d4 B2
w: Sa-ys my au-l' wan to your aul' wan\
w: Will~ye come to the Wa-x-ies dar-gle?
(保留原文不需翻译)
Note that the continuation character is used in a rather strange manner. One w: field and all
continuations will match one line of music, whether or not the line of music ends with a continuation
character. You can think of the \ in a music line dividing that line into sections and \ in a w: field further
dividing these section into sub-sections.
上例中用到了斜綫，\，符号，代表继续。有继续符号的这行歌词及所有用继续符号连起来的后
续歌词匹配到一行乐曲上。如上例所示。注意，该行乐曲没有继续符号，但歌词行有继续符号。
It is possible for a music line to be followed by several w: fields. This can be used together with the
part notation to create verses. The first w: field is used the first time that part is played, then the
second and so on. If the tune uses repeats, these must be placed at the end of a line of music in order
to make sure that the start of a w: field matches up with the repeat.
一行乐曲可以匹配多行歌词，譬如用于重复多次的乐段。第一行歌词用于第一次，第二行歌词
用于第二次，等等。乐曲中的反复符号必须在一行的最后，以确保歌词与乐曲匹配完整。
Multivoiced lyrics example:
下面是个多声部歌词的例子
X:1
T:Multivoiced lyrics
M:2/4
L:1/16
K:C
V:1
C4 C4 | E4 G4 | c8 |]
w: 1 2 3 4 5
V:2
C4 E4 | C4 B4 | C8 |]
w: 11 12 13 14 15
(保留原文不需翻译)
BarFly stress models
--------------------
If you include the run time parameter -BF in execution string, abc2midi will attempt to apply the BarFly
stress model on the tune if it recognizes the rhythm designator (eg. R: jig) and if the time signature
also matches the associated meter. There are two different implementations of the stress model
which have different effects. (See %%MIDI ptstress below for more details.) You can specify the
implementation to use by following the -BF flag with either the numeral 1 or 2. If you do not specify a
model, the program will use model 2. More details can be found on
http://ifdo.ca/~seymour/runabc/abcguide/abc2midi_guide.html
如果abc2midi执行时指定了参数-BF，而且两个先决条件符合，则abc2midi会应用‘巴福赖’节
拍模式，BarFly stress model，于曲子。两个先决条件是节奏领域值（如R：jig）是正确的，及乐
曲与指定的节奏也相匹配。须注意，‘巴福赖’节拍模式，BarFly stress model，有两种，详情
见下文有关%%MIDI ptstress 指令的説明。更多细节请见网站
http://ifdo.ca/~seymour/runabc/abcguide/abc2midi_guide.html
abc2midi-specific commands (%%MIDI)%%MIDI 指令使用説明
------------------------------------
abc2midi supports a number of commands of the form
%%MIDI command
Each of these should appear on a line by itself; however there is now provision to pass the MIDI
command in an inline I: field (see CHANGES file, March 25 2005 entry.) All of them are allowed within
the abc tune body. By using these in combination with the part notation, one can, for example, play a
part transposed or in a different key. The idea behind this syntax is that other programs will treat it as a
comment and ignore it.
%%MIDI指令适用于abc2midi 程式。每个指令必须独自在一行上，这样子其他，非abc2midi，程
式会把此行当作是注解而跳过它。（虽然如此，需注意在2005年3月25日，abc2midi 程式小改
变，提供了在行中以I：领域值执行%%MIDI指令的功能。）所有的%%MIDI指令都可以用在abc
曲子的内涵中以达到各种效果。
%%MIDI channel n 通道 n
selects melody channel n (in the range 1-16).
选择第n个通道，n从1到16.
%%MIDI program [c] n MIDI 第n个程式，program，在第c个通道，channel
selects program n (in the range 1-128) on channel c. If c is not given, the program is selected on the
current melody channel. Most modern tone generators follow the General MIDI standard which
defines the instrument type for each program number. These instrument types are listed at the end
of this document. Note that for multivoiced files, the program command is placed in the track
associated with the voice previously declared. If the %%MIDI indications affect channels in other tracks,
it is recommended that they are placed in the first track or first declared voice. See the note in the
CHANGES file for the date January 1 2005.
效果应用于在第c个通道（channel）中的MIDI 第n个程式(program)。数目n从1到128。如果
c没给，则是指当前的通道。大多数现代声音合成器遵循‘通用MIDI标准’来设定MIDI 程式号
码及对应的乐器名称。详表列于本指南的末尾。对于多声部乐曲，一个声部上的程序指令只影
响该声部。如果%% MIDI指令需要影响多个声部，它们应被放置在第一个声部。（见2005年1
月1日更改文件，the CHANGES file for the date January 1 2005。）
%%MIDI beat a b c n 拍子的相对强度
controls the way note velocities are selected. The first note in a bar has velocity a. Other "strong"
notes have velocity b and all the rest have velocity c. a, b and c must be in the range 0-127. The
parameter n determines which notes are "strong". If the time signature is x/y, then each note is given
a position number k = 0, 1, 2 .. x-1 within each bar. Note that the units for n are not the unit note
length. If k is a multiple of n, then the note is "strong".
设定强音的位置及相对强度。每小节的第一个音强度爲a，其他强音强度爲b，剩下的音强度爲
c。强度a,b,c 的数值在0到127之间。参数n决定强音的位置。假设拍子是x/y ，每个音在小节
中的位置是k，k=0，1，2，到x-1，当k是n的倍数时，那个音是强音。例子：%%MIDIbeat 105
95 80 2，拍子是6/8，则第一拍强度（k=0）是105，第三（k=2）及第五（k=4）拍强度是95，其
他拍强度是80.
The volume specifiers !ppp! to !fff! are equivalent to the following :
常用的强度记号默认值如下：
!ppp! = %%MIDI beat 30 20 10 1
!pp! = %%MIDI beat 45 35 20 1
!p! = %%MIDI beat 60 50 35 1
!mp! = %%MIDI beat 75 65 50 1
!mf! = %%MIDI beat 90 80 65 1
!f! = %%MIDI beat 105 95 80 1
!ff! = %%MIDI beat 120 110 95 1
!fff! = %%MIDI beat 127 125 110 1
%%MIDI beatmod n 改变强度
increments by n (or decrements if n is negative) the velocities a, b and c described above. It is also
used in implementing crescendo and diminuendo (eg. !<(!, !crescendo(! etc.)
将‘%%MIDIbeat a b c k’指令中设立的强度a, b 和 c各增加n度(假如n是负数，代表减少)。
%%MIDI nobeataccents 没有强拍
For instruments such as church organ that have no greatly emphasized beat notes, using this will force
use of the 'b' velocity (see %%MIDIbeat) for every note irrespective of position in the bar. This allows
dynamics (ff, f, etc) to be used in the normal way.
所有的音的强度都是‘%%MIDIbeat a b c k’指令中的b。通常用于教堂风琴之类的乐器。
%%MIDI beataccents 恢复强拍
Revert to emphasizing notes the the usual way. (default)
恢复执行‘%%MIDIbeat a b c k’指令
%%MIDI deltaloudness n 改变强度
where n is a small positive number. By default the crescendo and dimuendo instructions modify the
beat variables a, b, and c by 15 velocity units. This instruction allows you to change this default.
渐强及渐弱符号的默认强度改变是15度。这个指令将改变度改爲n度。
%%MIDI beatstring <string of f, m and p> 强弱拍序列
This provides an alternative way of specifying where the strong and weak stresses fall within a bar. 'f'
means velocity a (normally strong), 'm' means velocity b (medium velocity) and 'p' means velocity c
(soft velocity). For example, if the time signature is 7/8 with stresses on the first, fourth and sixth
notes in the bar, we could use the following
%%MIDI beatstring fppmpmp
以一个序列来指定小节中各拍子的强弱，'f' 代表‘%%MIDIbeat a b c k’指令中的a (强), 'm'代表
b (中强) ， 'p' 代表c (弱)。例子：拍子是7/8，则‘%%MIDI beatstring fppmpmp’代表第一拍强，
第四及第七拍中强。
%%MIDI transpose n 转调n
transposes the output by the specified number of semitones. n may be positive or negative.
转调n个半音，n可以是正值或负值。
%%MIDI rtranspose n 再转调n
Relative transpose by the specified number of semitones. i.e. %%MIDI transpose a followed
by %%MIDI rtranspose b results in a transposition of a+b. %%MIDI transpose b will result in a
transposition of b semitones, regardless of any previous transposition.
再转调n个半音。用法如下：如果‘%%MIDI transpose a’后面跟着‘%%MIDI rtranspose b’结
果是转调a+b半音。如果仅仅是‘%%MIDI transpose b’则，不论先前是不是有其他转调指令，
结果是转调b半音。
%%MIDI c n c音高的位置
specifies the MIDI pitch which corresponds to c. The default is 60. This number should normally be a
multiple of 12.
指定那个MIDI音是相当于c。默认值是60，即第60个MIDI音高是c。这个值通常是个12的倍
数。
%%MIDI grace a/b 点缀音（相对）长度
sets the fraction of the next note that grace notes will take up. a must be between 1 and b-1. The
grace notes may not sound natural in this approach, since the length of the individual grace notes vary
with the complexity of the grace and the length of the following note. A different approach (which is
now the default) assumes that the grace notes always have fixed duration specified by a fraction of
the unit length. To use the other approach you would specify,
指定点缀音，grace notes，的长度与下个音的长度的比例，参数中a必须在1及b-1之间。这样
设定的点缀音长度听起来可能不自然。下一个指令是比较好的办法，也是默认的办法。
%%MIDI gracedivider b 点缀音长度
where b specifies how many parts to divide the unit length specified by the L: field command. For
example if b = 4 and L: = 1/8, then every grace note would be 1/(8*4) or a 32nd note. Time would be
stolen from the note to which the grace note is applied. If that note is not long enough to handle the
grace then the grace notes would be assigned 0 duration.
指定点缀音，grace notes，的长度是单位音符长度除以b。单位音符长度是由L:领域值决定。譬
如
L: = 1/8，参数b = 4则点缀音长度是1/32音符。如下个音符长度比指定的点缀音长度短，则点缀
音长度爲零。
%%MIDI chordname name n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 和弦名字及成分
Defines how to play a guitar chord called "name". n1 is usually 0 and n2, n3 to n6 give the pitches of the
other notes in semitones relative to the root note. There may be fewer than 6 notes in the chord, but
not more. If "name" is already defined, this command re-defines it. Unlike most other commands,
chordname definitions stay in effect from where they are defined to the end of the abc file. The
following illustrates how m, 7, m7 and maj7 could be set up if they were not already defined.
宣告一个吉他和弦的名字及其组成音。参数‘name’是和弦名字，n1通常为0，n2，n3至n6
是每个音到‘根音’的间距，单位是半音。和弦可以少于6个音符，但不能多于6个音符。如
果这个名字的和弦已经存在，这个指令重新定义它。和弦的名称定义有效至abc曲子的末尾。
下面举例说明如何定义和弦 m，7，m 7和maj7。
%%MIDI chordname m 0 3 7
%%MIDI chordname 7 0 4 7 10
%%MIDI chordname m7 0 3 7 10
%%MIDI chordname maj7 0 4 7 11
%%MIDI gchord string 吉他和弦小节组成
sets up how guitar chords are generated. The string is a sequence made of z's, c's f's and b's for rests,
chords, fundamental and fundamental plus chord notes respectively. This specifies how each bar is to
be played. An optional length is allowed to follow the z's, c's, f's and b's e.g. czf2zf3. If the abc contains
guitar chords, then abc2midi automatically adds chords and fundamentals after encountering the first
guitar chord. It keeps using that chord until a new chord is specified in the abc. Whenever the M: field
is
encountered in the abc, an appropriate default string is set :
设定吉他和弦如何演奏。‘小节组成’字符串是由z，c，f和b字母组成，分别代表：休息，和
弦，主音，主音以外的音。这个字符串指定了每个小节应如何弹奏。每个字母后面可以有数字
代表长度，例如czf2zf3。如果abc曲子使用吉他和弦，abc2midi程式在第一个吉他和弦出现时
自动使用和弦和主音。这个和弦一直使用到下一个新的和弦出现。每个M：领域值有个对应的
默认字符串，如下：
For 2/4 or 4/4 time default is equivalent to : 2/4 or 4/4拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzczfzcz
For 3/4 time default is equivalent to : 3/4拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzczcz
For 6/8 time default is equivalent to : 6/8拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzcfzc
For 9/8 time default is equivalent to : 9/8拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzcfzcfzc
Please note, that the default gchord string is reissued any time a time signature change is specified in
the body of the music. This means if one of the bars has an extra beat you included a M: declaration
before and after the measure, the gchord string would be reset to the default string for that time
signature and not the one that you had declared. It is necessary for you to send another %%MIDI
gchord declaration after the time signature in order to set this back the way you want it. This is one of
the changes introduced into abc2midi so that the accompaniment track always follows the meter of
the music for the regular time signatures.
请注意，在曲子中拍子改变时吉他和弦的默认字符串也跟着改变。这意味着，如果某小节有一
个额外的拍子，该小节前后都要有一个M：领域值，过了该小节，后面M：领域值对应的默认
字符串将被执行。如果这不是想要的结果，则必须用另一个%% MIDI gchord指令来改变它。
The gchord command has been extended to allow you to play the individual notes comprising the
guitar chord. This allows you to play broken chords or arpeggios. The new codes g,h,i,j,G,H,I,J
reference the individual notes starting from the lowest note of the chord (not necessarily the root in
the case of inverses). For example for the C major chord, g refers to C, h refers to E and i refers to G.
For a gchord command such as,
%%MIDI gchord ghih
Abc2midi will arpeggiate the C major guitar chord to CEGE. The upper case letters G,H,I, and J refer to
the same notes except they are transposed down one octave. Note for the first inversion of the C
major
chord (indicated by "C/E"), E would be the lowest note so g would reference the note E.
该gchord指令的另一功能是分别弹奏吉他和弦的各个音符以演奏分解和弦或琶音。新代码
g,h,i,j,G,H,I,J代表和弦的各个音符，从低至高。例如， C大调和弦，g指的是C，h指的是E，而
i指的是G.
例如指令，
%% MIDI gchord ghih
abc2midi将分别演奏 C大调吉他和弦CEGE。大写字母G，H，I和J代表同一音符向下移调一个
八度。另一个例子，C大调第一反转和弦（以"C/ E"表示）， E是最低音符所以g在这儿代表
E.
Like other gchord codes, you may append a numeral indicating the duration of the note. The same
rules apply as before. You can use any combination of the gchord codes, (fcbghijGHIJz).
这些新代码，字母后面也都可以有数字指定音符长度。
Another recent extension to gchords is the presence of gchords in separate voices. Here is an example:
该gchord指令也可分别用于不同声部，如下例所示：
X:1
T: gchord multivoice extension (译者：此行是曲名)
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
K: G
V: 1
%%MIDI gchord ghih
"G" z4| z4|\
%%MIDI gchordoff
z4|
V:2
%%MIDI chordprog 12
%%MIDI gchord GHIHG
z4|"D" z4|z4|
%%MIDI chordprog n 和弦乐器码
Sets the MIDI instrument for the chord notes to be n. If the command includes the string octave=n
where n is a number between -2 and +2, then the chord notes will be shifted n octaves from its usual
position, eg. (%%MIDI chordprog 32 octave=1). Any other descriptors will be ignored, eg (%%MIDI
chordprog 0 Acoustic Piano).
指定演奏和弦音符的MIDI乐器，乐器由通用MIDI 程式号码代表。如果该指令包括字串
octave=n，其中n是-2和+2之间的数字，则和弦音符将被从它的通常的位置移动n个八度。例
如：%% MIDI chordprog32octave= 1。其他任何描述都将被忽略，例如：%% MIDI
chordprog0Acoustic Piano 被视爲%% MIDI chordprog0。
%%MIDI bassprog n 低音乐器码
Sets the MIDI instrument for the bass notes to be n. If the command includes the string octave=n
where n is a number between -2 and +2, then the bass note will be shifted n octaves from its usual
position. eg. (%%MIDI bassprog 32 octave=-1).
指定演奏低音音符的MIDI乐器，乐器由通用MIDI 程式号码代表。如果该指令包括字串
octave=n，其中n是-2和+2之间的数字，则低音音符将被从它的通常的位置移动n个八度。例
如：%% MIDI bassprog 32 octave= 1。
%%MIDI chordvol n 和弦响度码
Sets the volume (velocity) of the chord notes at n.
指定演奏和弦音符的响度，以速度(velocity)来代表。
%%MIDI bassvol n 低音响度码
Sets the volume (velocity) of the bass notes at n. There is no corresponding
melodyvol command since there are 3 velocity values for melody, set using the
beat command.
指定演奏低音音符的响度，以速度(velocity)来代表。--至于旋律，没有对应的‘旋律响度码’指
令，旋律响度由拍子，beat，指令设定。
%%MIDI gchordon 开啓吉他和弦指令
Turns on guitar chords (they are turned on by default at the start of a
tune).
使用吉他和弦。（曲子开始时吉他和弦是开啓的，这是默认设定。）
%%MIDI gchordoff 关闭吉他和弦指令
Turns off guitar chords.
不使用吉他和弦
%%MIDI fermatafixed 延音一个单位长度
Directs abc2midi to expand a fermata by one unit length. Thus HC3 becomes C4.
设定延音，fermata，延长一个单位长度，例如HC3 变成 C4.
%%MIDI fermataproportional 延音一个同样长度
This is the default. A fermata doubles the length of a note so HC3 becomes C6.
设定延音，fermata，延长一个同样长度，例如HC3 变成 C6. - 这是默认设置。
%%MIDI droneon 开啓背景低音
This turns on a continuous drone used in bagpipe music. The drone consists of two notes (by default A,
and A,,) played on a bassoon at a MIDI loudness (velocity) 80. If you can configure the drone sound，
use the %%MIDI drone command described below.
使用风笛，bagpipe，音乐的连续的背景低音。背景低音由两个音符（默认为A，而A,,）由巴松
管以MIDI响度（速度）80演奏。可以使用下述%% MIDIdrone指令调配背景低音的声音，。
%%MIDI droneoff 关闭背景低音
This turns off the drone.
不使用背景低音
%%MIDI drone n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 背景低音设定
Configures the drone chord. n1 = MIDI program, n2 = MIDI pitch 1, n3 = MIDI pitch 2, n4 = MIDI velocity
1, and n5 = MIDI velocity 2. By default they have already been set to 70 45 33 80 80.
调配背景低音和弦。参数n1 = MIDI乐器程式，n2 = MIDI音调1，n3 = MIDI音调2，n4= MIDI速
度1和n5= MIDI速度2。它们的默认设置为7045 3380 80。
%%MIDI drum string [drum programs] [drum velocities] 打击乐模式
This sets up a drum pattern. The string determines when there is a drum beat and the drum program
values determine what each drum strike sounds like. e.g. %%MIDI drum d2zdd 35 38 38 100 50 50
The string may contain 'd' for a drum strike or 'z' for a rest.
打击乐模式由字符串描述。字符串记录打击乐声的位置，种类，及响度。例如%%MIDI drum
d2zdd 35 38 38 100 50 50，字母'd'，代表击乐声， 'z'，代表休息， 35及38是乐器程式码， 100及
50是速度 (响度)。
By default a voice starts with no drum pattern. Like gchord, a command %%MIDI drumon is needed to
enable the drumming. The drum pattern is repeated during each bar until a %%MIDI drumoff is
encountered.
一个声部开始时没有打击乐模式。打击乐模式需要由指令 %% MIDI drumon来啓动。啓动后该模
式每小节重复直到遇到%%MIDI drumoff指令。
The %%MIDI drum command may be used within a tune to change the drum pattern. This command
places the drum sounds on channel 10 and assumes your tone generator complies with the General
Midi standard - if it does not, then you may hear tones instead of drum sounds. (Note the old method
of using the instruction !drum! and !nodrum! is being deprecated.)
指令%%MIDI drum可用来改变打击乐模式。本指令将打击乐声置于通道10，并假设使用的音调
发生器符合通用MIDI标准的要求。 - 如果没有，那么发出的声音将是音调，而不是打击乐声。
（请注意：旧指令！drum！和！nodrum！已过时，不再使用。）
In both the gchord and drum commands, the standard note length of a single note f,c,z or d is not set
by the L: command. Instead it is adjusted so that the entire gchord string or drum string fits exactly into
one bar. In other words the duration of each note is divided by the total duration of the string. This
means that, for example, the drum string "dd" is equivalent to drum string "d4d4". You cannot
currently specify fractions directly (eg. C3/2) as done in the body of the music, but it is still possible to
express complex rhythms. For example, to indicate a rhythm such as （3ddd d/d/d/d/, you would
write the string "d4d4d4d3d3d3d3".
对gchord和drum两个指令，标准音符长度不是由L：领域值设定，其决定方式是，标准音符长
度使整个gchord或drum声音模式长度正好是一个小节。所以，声音模式"dd"与"d4d4"是
一样的。目前这两个指令所用的模式不能接受延音，例如C 3/2。但仍可用其他方法表达复杂的
节奏。例如：节奏，（3ddd d/d/d/d/，可写成"d4d4d4d3d3d3d3"。
For reference, the percussion instruments defined in the General MIDI standard are given below.
用于打击乐器的"通用MIDI 程式号码及对应的乐器名称"，表列下面以供参考.
35 Acoustic Bass Drum 59 Ride Cymbal 2
36 Bass Drum 1 60 Hi Bongo
37 Side Stick 61 Low Bongo
38 Acoustic Snare 62 Mute Hi Conga
39 Hand Clap 63 Open Hi Conga
40 Electric Snare 64 Low Conga
41 Low Floor Tom 65 High Timbale
42 Closed Hi Hat 66 Low Timbale
43 High Floor Tom 67 High Agogo
44 Pedal Hi-Hat 68 Low Agogo
45 Low Tom 69 Cabasa
46 Open Hi-Hat 70 Maracas
47 Low-Mid Tom 71 Short Whistle
48 Hi Mid Tom 72 Long Whistle
49 Crash Cymbal 1 73 Short Guiro
50 High Tom 74 Long Guiro
51 Ride Cymbal 1 75 Claves
52 Chinese Cymbal 76 Hi Wood Block
53 Ride Bell 77 Low Wood Block
54 Tambourine 78 Mute Cuica
55 Splash Cymbal 79 Open Cuica
56 Cowbell 80 Mute Triangle
57 Crash Cymbal 2 81 Open Triangle
58 Vibraslap
Note you are able to change this mapping using the the MIDI command %%MIDI drummap described
below.
在打击乐通道，即通道10，中，乐器是由一个音高来代表，譬如大鼓1的代表音高是‘C,,’。
这个对应可由下述指令更改。
%%MIDI drummap note midipitch 打击乐器对应note midipitch
where the pitch of the note is notated using abc notation and midipitch is a number between 35 and
81 inclusive referring to the above table. This command is used if you are notating a drum track, i.e. a
voice played on channel 10. Rather than being forced to use the note corresponding to the desired
percussion instrument, (for example C (MIDI pitch 60) for hi bongo), you can change the mapping to
use a more convenient pitch，for example to access bass drum 1 (MIDI pitch 36) you would require
the note C,, which is awkward to display in common music notation. You can change the mapping to
say _D using
%%MIDI drummap _D 36. An example is provided in the file CHANGES (November 6 2005).
参数，note代表音高，使用abc音高记谱法；midipitch代表乐器，是一个在35和81之间的数
字（参照上表）。本指令用于编排打击乐通道，即通道10。可以用来改变打击乐器的代表音高，
譬如大鼓1（通用MIDI 程式号码36），的默认代表音高是‘C,,’不太好用。可以用本指令将代
表音高更改爲_D，即%%MIDI drummap _D 36. （参看：CHANGES November 6 2005。)
%%MIDI drumbars n 打击乐单位小节数 n
The %%MIDI drum line can sound quite monotonous if it is repeated each bar. To circumvent this
problem a new MIDI command， %%MIDI drumbars n ，where n is a small number will spread out
the drum string over n consecutive bars. By default drumbars is set to 1 maintaining compatibility with
existing abc files. You should take care that the drumstring is evenly divisible between the drumbar
bars. Also the time signature should not change between bars in a drumbar unit. (Sample abc file in
CHANGES
June 24 2008.)
本指令使打击乐模式每 n小节重复一次，（先前打击乐模式每小节重复一次）。参数n默认值
是1。需确定打击乐模式可以每 n小节重复一次，而且，拍子在这n小节中不能改变。（参看：
CHANGES June 24 2008.)
%%MIDI gchordbars n 吉他和弦单位小节数 n
This command spreads the gchord string over n consecutive bars of equal length. The gchord string
should be evenly divisible by n or else the gchords will not work properly. A sample abc file is found in
CHANGES March 17 2009.
本指令使吉他和弦模式每 n小节重复一次，（先前吉他和弦模式每小节重复一次）。需确定吉
他和弦模式可以每 n小节重复一次，而且，拍子在这n小节中不能改变。（参看：CHANGES
March 17 2009.)
%%MIDI control [bass/chord] n1 n2 MIDI音调发生器调整 [bass/chord] n1 n2
This generates a MIDI control event. If the word "control" is followed by "bass" or "chord", the event
will be applied to the bass or chord channel, otherwise it will be applied to the current channel. n1 and
n2 are numbers in the range 0-127. Generally, n1 selects a control parameter and n2 is the value to
which it is set. A couple of examples : %%MIDI control 7 50 will set the main volume of the channel to
50 ;
%%MIDI control 10 0 will set the pan parameter (left/right balance) to 0. See the manual for your
MIDI tone generator to find out what control events are supported.
此指令用来调整MIDI音调发生器。如果参数"bass"或"chord"存在，则低音或和弦通道
（channel）会受到调整，否则是当前的通道会受到调整。参数 n1和n2的范围在0-127之间，
n1代表受调整的功能而n2是新设置的值。至于那些功能可受调整，请参见MIDI音调发生器手
册。一些使用例子：%%MIDI control 7 50 将通道的主音量设置于50; %%MIDI control 10 0 将声像
参数（即左/右平衡）设置为0
%%MIDI portamento [bass/chord] n 开啓滑音[bass/chord] n
This will turn on the MIDI portamento controller and set the speed of sliding between pitches to n.
Like %%MIDI control, if the word portamento is followed by "bass" or "chord", the event will be
applied to the bass or chord channel, otherwise it will be applied to the current channel. The
parameter n should be between 0 and 63. Large values imply a slow transition between pitches. I have
found the resulting effect to be rather wierd, especially for large pitch intervals.
此指令用来开啓MIDI滑音控制。如果参数"bass"或"chord"存在，则低音或和弦通道
（channel）会受到调整，否则是当前的通道会受到调整。参数 n范围在0-63之间，代表滑音的
速度，大的数目滑音速度慢。本指南的作者觉得这指令的效果不理想。
%%MIDI noportamento [bass/chord] 关闭滑音[bass/chord]
This will turn off the portamento controller (current default).
此指令用来关闭MIDI滑音控制（关闭是默认设定）。
%%MIDI pitchbend [bass/chord] <high byte><low byte> 上下滑音[bass/chord] <high
byte><low byte>
This generates a pitchbend event on the current channel, or on the bass or chord channel as specified.
The value given by the following two bytes indicates the pitch change.
此指令用来控制上下滑音。如果参数"bass"或"chord"存在，则低音或和弦通道（channel）
会受到调整，否则是当前的通道会受到调整。参数<high byte>及<low byte>代表上下滑动的程度。
%%MIDI nobarlines 忽视小节綫
This is a somewhat obscure option to support early music without barlines. Normally, an accidental
applied to one note e.g. ^c will apply to every note at the same point in the scale until the end of the
bar (so C,, C, C c c' would all be sharpened). This option turns off this behaviour, so that an accidental
applies only to the next note. It should be used in the header of any tune requiring this behaviour.
这个指令已很少用到，用来支持早期没有小节綫的音乐。通常，当一个升降符号应用到一个音
符后，譬如^ C，则同一小节内，所有同名字的音符，即C,, C, C c c'等等也都会受到同样改变。
这个指令关闭这种行为，让一个升降符号仅适用于下一个音符。使用这个指令时应该在乐曲的
‘表头’部分列出。
%%MIDI barlines 使用小节綫
This turns off the effect of %%MIDI nobarlines in the middle of a tune. This is the default behaviour
assumed at the start of every tune.
停止%%MIDI nobarlines 指令的功能。--每个曲子开头的默认设置是使用小节綫。
%%MIDI ratio n m 点音符比例n m
This sets the ratio of note lengths in broken rhythm (e.g. a>b). The default behaviour is for note a to
sound for twice as long as note b. This can be achieved with %%MIDI ratio 2 1 and hornpipes are
commonly played with approximately this ratio. However, for other musical styles, a different ratio
may be appropriate. If you are using abc2midi to export music to another program for printing, then
you may wish to use a ratio of 3:1 which is how hornpipes are usually notated. This can be achieved
with
%%MIDI ratio 3 1
这个指令设置点音符（例如a> b）前后两音长度的比率。默认值是a音符听起来是b音符的两
倍长。即%%MIDI ratio 2 1 。通常hornpipe以大约这个比率演奏。然而，对于其他的音乐风格，
不同的比率可能较合适。要注意，当使用abc2midi程式输出hornpipe曲子到其它程式以进行打
印时，不妨使用比率为3：1，%%MIDI ratio 3 1 ，因爲hornpipe记谱一般是用这个比率。
Arpegiation:
琶音：
With version 1.54 Dec 4 2004 of abc2midi, notes in chords (eg. [FAc]) are not played in the same instant
but offsetted and shortened by 10 MIDI time units. Thus the first note in the chord (eg. F) is played for
the full indicated time, the second note (eg. A) starts 10 MIDI units later and is shortened by the same
amount and the third note starts another 10 MIDI units later and is shortened by another 10 units. This
introduces an "expressivo" option and avoids the heavy attack. (This does not apply to gchords or
multivoiced chords.)
从2004年12月4日的1.54版abc2midi以后，和弦的音符（例如[FAc]）不在同一时刻演奏，而
是陆续延后及缩短10个MIDI时间单位。（注:每个四分音符有480 MIDI时间单位。）也就是说，
和弦的第一个音符（例子中的F）演奏全部指定的时间，第二个音符（例子中的A）延后10
MIDI单位开始，且缩短10 MIDI单位，第三个音符再延后10 MIDI单位，及再缩短另一个10单
位。这样子引入了"expressivo"选项，避免了响度突然增大。（但，此指令并不适用于吉他和
弦，gchords，或多声部，multivoiced，和弦。）
The amount of the delay and shortening may be configured by the MIDI command
%%MIDI chordattack n
where n is a small number. If n is zero, then abc2midi should behave as in earlier versions. The delay n
is in MIDI time units where there are 480 units in a quarter note beat. The program may not run
correctly if n is too large and there are short chords.
上述的延迟和缩短的量可以由下列MIDI指令设置
%%MIDI chordattack n 和弦延迟 n
其中n是一个小数目。如果n为0，则abc2midi表现与早期版本相同。参数n的单位是MIDI时
间单位，每个四分音符有480 MIDI时间单位。如果n过大，此指令可能无法正常运行。
%%MIDI randomchordattack n 和弦随机延迟 n
where n is a small number. This is similar to above, except the delay of each note in the chord varies
randomly between 0 and n-1. Therefore each chord is played differently.
其中n是一个小数目。此指令的功能与上指令雷同，但延迟和缩短的量是在0到n-1之间的一
个随机数。所以，该和弦每次演奏都会略有不同。
Articulation: 衔接
%%MIDI trim x/y 裁剪x/y (译者：正确用法可能是%%MIDI trim x y，此处有笔误)
where x and y are two numbers. This command controls the articulation of notes and chords by placing
silent gaps between the notes. The length of these gaps is determined by x/y and the unit length
specified by the L: command. These gaps are produced by shortening the notes by the same amount.
If the note is already shorter than the specified gap, then the gap is set to half the length of the note.
The fraction x/y indicates a note duration in the same manner as specified in the abc file. The actual
duration is based on the unit length specified by the L: field command. It is recommended that x/y be
a fraction close to zero. The denominator, y does not need to be a power of 2. Trimming is disabled
inside slurs as indicated by parentheses. You can turn off all note trimming by setting x to 0, eg 0/1. By
default, note trimming is turned off at the beginning of a tune or voice command.
此指令在音符之间加入一小段‘间隙’以控制音符或和弦音符之间的衔接效果。这些间隙的长
度由数字x及y的比例决定。实际长度爲曲子的单位长度，由L: 领域值决定，乘上该比例。每
个音符缩短相同量，如果该音符短于指定的间隙长度，则设置间隙为音符的长度的一半。建议
设置x/y比例接近于0。此指令不适用于连音。当x爲0时，此指令失效，间隙长度爲0。当新
曲子或声部开始时，此指令的默认设置是关闭。
To avoid the problem of breaking up a music line in order to place a %%MIDI command, for example,
A2 B2|\
%%MIDI drumon
C2 D2|
you can place the MIDI instruction inside an info field using the following syntax.
A2 B2|[I:MIDI= drumon] C2 D2|
当要将一个指令插在一行乐曲中时，譬如
A2 B2|\
%%MIDI drumon
C2 D2|
爲避免将一行乐曲打断，可采用下列写法，使用I: 领域值，将指令插在行中
A2 B2|[I:MIDI= drumon] C2 D2|
The '=' following the MIDI is very important. The info field syntax allows you to place several MIDI
commands in one inline block, for example [I: MIDI = program 73 MIDI=chordprog 29] (Spaces are
optional.) Other examples can be seen in the file CHANGES the March 25 2005 entry.
在MIDI后面的‘=’不可漏掉。在I: 领域值中可以有多个指令，例如[I: MIDI = program 73
MIDI=chordprog 29]，其他例子请参看CHANGES March 25 2005。
Another recent extension is the allowance of drum patterns in separate voices. Here is an example:
不同的声部可以有不同的打击乐模式，如下例所示：
X:1
T: drum multivoice extension 不同的声部可以有不同的打击乐模式示范
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
K: G
V:1
%%MIDI drum dddd 45 45 45 45 70 50 60 50
%%MIDI drumon
z4|z4|\
%%MIDI drumoff
z4|
V:2
%%MIDI drum ddddd 54 54 54 54 54 70 50 50 60 50
z4|\
%%MIDI drumon
z4|z4|
%%MIDI temperamentlinear octave_cents fifth_cents 音阶气质调整octave_cents
fifth_cents
This command allows you to change the temperament of the scale. Octave_cents specifies the size of
an octave in cents of a semitone or 1/1200 of an octave. Fifth_cents specifies in the size of a fifth
(normally 700 cents). For example: %%MIDI temperament 1200.5 698.0 will produce a slightly
stretched scale with narrowed fifths. More details on linear tempered scales can be found on the site
http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/scala/
此指令改变音阶的大小，即所谓的‘音阶的气质’。参数Octave_cents指定一个八度音阶是由
多少百分之一个半音组成。（通常一个八度由1200个百分之一个半音组成。）参数 Fifth_cents
指定五度音阶的大小（通常是700个百分之一个半音）。所以：%% MIDItemperamentlinear
1200.5698.0会产生轻微拉伸的八度音阶与稍微缩小的五度。关于‘音阶的气质’，可以参看网
站：http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/scala/。
The pitch of each note is modified using a MIDI pitchbend command to comply with the scale. In order
to handle chords, each note of the chord must be played on a different MIDI channel.
执行此指令时，每个音符的音高是以MIDI上下滑音，即MIDI pitchbend，指令修改。此外，和
弦的每个音符必须在不同的MIDI通道上。
The normal musical scale has a temperament of %%MIDI temperamentlinear 1200 700 but to avoid
unnecessary pitchbends you should restore to the normal temperament using the
command %%MIDI termperamentnormal
虽然正常音阶的‘音阶的气质’是相当于指令 %%MIDI temperamentlinear 1200 700 的设置结
果，但爲避免过度使用MIDI上下滑音指令，应使用指令 %%MIDI termperamentnormal 来恢复
正常的‘音阶的气质’。
%%MIDI tuninsystem comma53 调音系统 comma53
quantizes the pitches of the notes using the comma53 system where an octave is divided into 53
equally spaced tones.
此指令设定使用comma53系统来量化音高，该系统将一个八度分为53个等间隔的音。
%%MIDI makechordchannels n 和弦通道数目n
If you are not modifying the temperament or inserting microtones you can ignore this command.
假如不需改变音阶的大小，也没有引入微调的话，可以忽视这个指令。
Normally in voice chords containing microtones e.g. [_/CE_/G] will not be handled correctly because all
the notes in the chord are played on the same MIDI channel. If you include the above command
where n here is 2, then two separate channels will be allocated for playing the other two notes in this
chord. These separate channels will be used whether the pitches of the notes are bent or not. Once
you allocate those channels with this command, they are no longer available and since there are only
16 MIDI channels you can easily run out. Furthermore, you need to allocate chordchannels for any
other voices which may have in voice chords.
通常，一个声部的和弦若含微调，microtones，例如[_/ CE_/ G]时，MIDI将无法正确演奏，因为
和弦的所有音符都在相同的MIDI通道中。通过这个指令通道数目可以改变，如果参数n是2，
那么和弦的其它两个音符将被分配在另两个独立的通道中。需注意通道一旦分配后就不能再作
其它用途，对每一个有和弦的声部都必须以这个指令分配通道，一共只有16个MIDI通道，很
容易地就用完了。
The channel allocation process will automatically propogate the program assignment (musical
instrument) to the other chordchannels, so be sure you set the program before using this command. If
you need to change the program assignments, you can find out the channel numbers that were
assigned by running abc2midi in verbose mode using the -v command in the execution string.
因爲通道分配程式会自动将原通道所附属的乐器也附属到新分配的通道中，所以在使用此指令
前必须先设定乐器。如果需要‘通道及附属乐器列表’的功能，则必须使用详细模式来执行
abc2midi，即abc2midi -v。
%%MIDI ptstress filename 泰勒节拍档案filename
This command loads file filename into abc2midi which contains the Phil Taylor stress parameters and
puts abc2midi in the mode where it applies these stress parameters on every note. This model runs in
opposition to the standard beat model, so the MIDI beat, beatstring, beatmod commands become
ineffectual. This also means that the dynamic indications !f! !pp! etc. do not work any more.
参数filename 是个档案名字，此档案含有泰勒节拍，Phil Taylor stress parameters。此指令要求
abc2midi执行该档案中的泰勒节拍。此指令与MIDI的标准节拍指令是不相容的，此指令执行时，
下列指令都失效，beat，beatstring， beatmod，!f! ，!pp! 等等。
There are two different implementations of the stress model. Model 1 modifies the note articulation
and takes control of the MIDI trim parameters too. To revert back to the standard model, put the
command %%MIDI beataccents. Model 2 modifies both the onset and ending of each note allowing a
musical beat to expand or contract in time. However, the length of a musical measure should be
preserved. Note if you using model 2, which is the current default, you must include -BF as one of the
runtime parameters of abc2midi.
泰勒节拍模型有两种不同的实现方法。第一个方法修改音与音的衔接，（参看%%MIDI trim x/y
指令説明）。此指令执行后，可以用指令 %% MIDI beataccents恢复到MIDI标准模型。第二
个方法修改每一个音符开始及结束的时间以配合泰勒节拍模型，同时每小节的长度不变。第二
个方法是目前的默认设置，且必须将 -BF作为abc2midi的运行参数之一。
The model divides a bar into equal segments. For each segment, a loudness or MIDI velocity is
specified and a duration multiplier is specified. If a note falls into a specific segment, it assumes the
velocity of that segment and its duration is modified accordingly. If the note overlaps more than one
segment, then the note assumes the average of those segment values.
此指令把一个小节分成相等的段落。每个段落有指定的响度（即MIDI速度）和持续的时间。当
一个音符完全落入一个段落时，它的响度和持续的时间修改爲该段落的指定的响度和持续的时
间。如果一个音符跨越多个段落时，它的响度和持续的时间修改爲这些段落的平均值。
The input file specifies the number of segments and the loudness and duration multipliers for each
segment. The file has the following format:
8
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
where the first value is the number of segments and each line specifies the velocity and duration
multiplier of the specific segment. The velocity is limited to 127 and the duration is a decimal number.
The note durations is modified by varying the gap between notes, so it is not possible to extend a note.
This preserves the regular tempo of the music. The program scales, the note duration indications by
dividing it by the maximum value which here is 1.4.
下面是个泰勒节拍模型的例子。泰勒节拍模型设定段落数目，每个段落的响度（0-127）和持续
的时间（一个小数），
8
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
例子中第一行是段落数目，以后每行是段落的响度和持续的时间。
%%MIDI stressmodel n 节拍模式 n
where n is either 1 or 2, selects the stress model implementation.
参数n是1或 2，设定用第一或第二种方法实现泰勒节拍模型。
%%MIDI expand m/n 扩张m/n
This command causes all the following notes be lengthened by the amount factor m/n so that they
overlap the next note. Thus the next note is started at the proper time, but the previous note ends
after the beginning of the note. This overlap causes a nice effect for particular MIDI instruments such
as choir voices. The %%MIDI expand function behaves in the opposite manner as the %%MIDI trim
function.
此指令导致后面的所有音符延长m/n倍，使它们与下一个音符重叠。下一个音符在正确的时候
开始，但是前一个音符在后一音符开始后才结束。这种重叠效果特别适用于某些MIDI乐器，譬
如合唱团的声部。此指令的效果与指令%%MIDI trim的效果正好相反。实际延长长度爲曲子的
单位长度，由L: 领域值决定，乘上比例m/n。
%%MIDI snt k pitch 改变单音k pitch
Since many MIDI devices do not support this function, use of this command is not recommended. The
command changes the tuning of a single note using the "universal system exclusive messages". k is the
MIDI pitch being retuned (a number between 0 to 127) and pitch is a floating point number
representing the pitch's new value in MIDI pitch units.
许多MIDI乐器不支持此功能，应避免使用此指令。此指令使用"通用系统专用信息"更改一个
音符的音高。参数k（0至127之间的数字）代表被重新调整的MIDI音符，参数pitch (一个小数)
代表新的音高，以MIDI音高单位来表示。
%%MIDI bendvelocity n1 n2 滑音速度n1 n2
This command defines how to bend a particular note following the !bend! decoration. The pitch of the
note shifts up or down as the note is playing. n1 is the velocity of the pitch change and n2 is the
acceleration (how fast the velocity changes). The bend is accomplished by modifying the MIDI
pitchwheel where the 8192 is the neutral. Minimum and maximum values are 0 and 16383 correspond
to two semitones shifts in either directions. The velocity and acceleration may be positive or negative.
此指令设定滑音的速度及加速度。演奏滑音时音高上下移动。参数n1是音调变化的速度而参数
n2是加速度（速度变化多快）。滑音是通过调整MIDI pitchwheel来实现。MIDI pitchwheel中
8192是中性，最小和最大的值是0和16383对应于负正方向移位两个半音。速度和加速度可以
是正值或负值。
%%MIDI bendstring n1 n2 n3 n4 etc 滑音模式n1 n2n3 n4等等
This command is a more general way for defining how a note is bent. It can also apply with !shape!
decoration discussed later. The note is split into n equal segments corresponding to each of the n1, n2,
etc values. The n1, n2, ... values are the increments (or decrements if they are negative) which are
added to the pitchwheel value. Thus
%%MIDI bendstring 1000 1000 -500 -500
will split a note into 4 parts and the pitchwheel values in each part will be 9192, 10192, 9692, and 9192.
此指令是另一种方法用来设定滑音。假设参数的数目是k则此指令将一个音符分成k等分，每
一等分有一个对应的参数n1 n2n3 n4等等。这些参数值是MIDI pitchwheel值的变化量。所以
%%MIDI bendstring 1000 1000 -500 -500
代表每个音符分成四等分，每等分的MIDI pitchwheel值是9192, 10192, 9692,及9192.
%%MIDI controlstring m n1 n2 n3 ... 控制模式m n1 n2 n3 ...
This command defines how the m th MIDI controller changes for the note following the !shape!
decoration. The note is divided into n segments where n is the number of values following the m or
controller number. n1, n2, n3, ... are the values for controller m in each segment. This allows you to
shape the sound of the note. For example, by changing the modwheel or the expression. All the
values m, n1, n2 are numbers between 0 and 127.
在演奏!shape!装饰音时，此指令用来设置第m个MIDI控制器。参数m代表MIDI控制器。假设
其他参数的数目是k则此指令将一个音符分成k等分，每一等分有一个对应的参数n1 n2n3 n4
等等，每个参数代表第m个MIDI控制器在该等分的值。这指令可以通过改变modwheel或其它
表情控制塑造音符的特质。所有参数值均为0和127之间的数字。
Global settings for abc2midi abc2midiabc档的通用设置
----------------------------
If you are creating an abc file with many tunes, abc2ps and abcm2ps allows you to declare certain
settings that apply to all tunes by placing them at the beginning of the file prior to the start of the tune.
Abc2midi provides this feature but presently only to a limited extent. The following MIDI commands
will change the defaults for all tunes if they are placed outside of any tune.
一个abc档可以有若干个曲子，如果所有曲子有共同指令，可以将这些指令放置在文件的开头，
所有的曲子之前。曲子的开头通常有个X：领域值来标识。程式abc2ps和abcm2ps允许这种作
法程式abc2midi则仅部分允许。
适用的MIDI指令如下表。
%%MIDI C ...
%%MIDI nobarlines ...
%%MIDI barlines ...
%%MIDI fermatafixed
%%MIDI fermataproportional
%%MIDI ratio ...
%%MIDI chordname ...
%%MIDI deltaloudness ...
All other MIDI commands placed outside of a tune will be ineffective and return a warning message
"cannot handle this MIDI directive here" (For more details see CHANGES, May 06 2005 entry.)
Any of these defaults can be changed as many times as you like provided that they are occur outside a
tune which is usually delineated by a X: reference number and a blank line.
其他的MIDI指令不能置于曲子外，否则会产生下列错误讯息"cannot handle this MIDI directive
here" "这个MIDI指令不能用于此处。" (参看档案CHANGES, May 06 2005.)
Voice Splitting 分割声部
---------------
Abcm2ps allows a voice to separate into two or more voices in a specific bar using the symbol '&'. This
feature now works in abc2midi. Abc2midi places the split voice into a separate MIDI track with
intervening rests. When a voice splits, the new voice inherits the program number (musical instrument)
from the parent voice.
在程式abcm2ps中可以用符号"＆"在一个小节中将声部分割。程式abc2midi现在也有此功
能。程式abc2midi将分割后的声部各自放在一个单独的MIDI声轨中，必要处加入适当的休止
符。声部分割后，新的声部继承原有声部的MIDI程序编号（即MIDI乐器）。
Compatibility with proposed abc standard version 2.0 abc 2.0 标准中的新条例
----------------------------------------------------
The proposed standard introduces a new copyright field using the syntax
%%abc-copyright (c) Copyright John Smith 2003
新的abc 2.0 标准中有个版权领域值，如下例:
%%abc-copyright (c) Copyright John Smith 2003
Abc2midi now inserts this in the MIDI file in the form of a metatext copyright tag. Changes were made
to the event_specific function in store.c to process the copyright information. It is also copied into the
Karaoke track (if it is created) as as @T field.
程式abc2midi现在将此领域值以"版权标记附件"的形式插入MIDI文件中。此领域值也以@T
领域值的形式复制到卡拉OK版本（如果有的话）。
Typesetting abc 印谱
---------------
If you want to typeset your abc, there are some more features of abc syntax that you need to know:
以下是将abc文件印成乐谱时必须知道的一些事项：
If 2 notes appear consecutively with no space between them, they will be grouped together under the
same beam. A space between them prevents them sharing a beam.
当两个音符之间没有空白时，在乐谱上，这两个音符会在同一个‘杠’下面。如两个音符之间
有空白时，这两个音符不在同一个杠下面。
A new line of stave music is generated by the newline at the end of a line of abc music. To suppress
this, put a \ character at the end of the abc music line.
在abc曲子中，每一行相当于五綫谱中的一行。如要打破这个规则可在abc文件该行的行尾加
个'\' 符号，则该行及下一行会在五綫谱中的同一行上。
An abc music line should end either at a bar line or at the space between two notes which indicates
they do not share a beam. This is true whether or not the abc line ends with a \ character.
在abc曲子中，不论是否在行尾用到\ 符号来连接两行，每一行必须以小节綫或两音符间的空白
终结。
Error Messages and Warnings 错误信息及警告信息
---------------------------
abc2midi attempts to perform various checks on the abc and reports any problems via error and
warning messages:
程式abc2midi 会检查abc 文件，如发现问题时会以错误信息或警告信息来回报该问题：
A warning message indicates there is something strange in the abc - possibly an error or possibly non-
standard usage.
警告信息表示文件中有些奇怪的地方，可能是文法错误或不是标准的写法。
An error message means that abc2midi thinks there is definitely an error in the abc and the MIDI
generated may not be correct.
错误信息表示文件中有错误，产生的MIDI会是不正确的。
In a small number of cases, an error may cause abc2midi to stop. This is usually either because it has
run out of memory or because there is some problem with reading or writing a file.
有些情况下，错误信息也会导致程式abc2midi 停止操作。通常该错误导致电脑读写错误，或用
完了记忆体。
Bar counting and checking 小节计算与核对
-------------------------
Conventionally bars are numbered starting from one. If the first bar is incomplete (anacrusis), then it is
counted as zero. Abc2ps and abcm2ps follows this convention but abcMIDI does not. All bars are
counted starting from zero and furthermore if there is an incomplete bar just before a repeat (:| |:
or ::), the bar count is not incremented. It is difficult to change this convention since abcMIDI assigns a
number to the bar ahead when it sees a bar line. It would be necessary to introduce some look ahead
for the first bar in the tune.
通常小节从第一小节开始算起。如果第一小节是不完整的（即anacrusis），则该小节为第零小
节。程式abc2ps和abcm2ps都遵循这一约定，但程式abcMIDI没有。程式abcMIDI中小节从零
开始，而且重复符号，如：|，|：，：:等等，之前不完整的小节不计。
If abc2midi reports a problem in a specific bar, you can use yaps with the -k option (for print bar
numbers) to locate this bar. If you use another program such as abc2ps, then the bar number in the
displayed or printed version may be one unit higher.
如果程式abc2midi报告有个小节有问题，则可以使用程式yaps的-k选项（即印出小节号选项）
找到这个小节。如果使用其他程式如abc2ps，则yaps的-k选项显示的小节数可能高一个数字。
The most common error seems to be a missing beat or having an extra beat in a bar. In the vicinity of a
repeat, abc2midi tries to complete the first bar using the incomplete bar at the end of the repeat. If
the first bar can be completed, then no warning is reported. The first bar may be complete the first
time the section is played but incomplete in the second repeat. Complications occur when the left
repeat symbol (|:) is missing and abc2midi has to assume it is at the beginning. More complications
occur when there is a key change after the repeat or the music is split into parts A,B,C, etc. Yaps does
the bar checking differently when it encounters repeats so that it may not resolve as many incomplete
bars and report more warnings.
最常见的错误似乎是小节中多或少一个节拍。若发生在一个重复号的附近，程式abc2midi尝试
使用重复号后面不完全的小节来拼凑完成第一小节。如果第一小节拼凑完成，则不发出警告。
程式abc2midi也尝试处理其他更复杂的状况。程式yaps检查小节，当遇到重复时，处理方法不
同，所以通常无法分析复杂的不完整的小节以发出适当的警告。
The bar checking is present for providing warnings. For some music, an extra beat may be intentional
and it is not marked by a meter change. If you are only printing the music, there is probably no
problem; however, if you are producing a MIDI file and there is guitar (gchord) accompaniment then a
break or missing beat might be noticeable.
小节核对的目的仅在提出警告。有些曲子，额外的节拍是故意的。如果只是打印乐谱，可能没
有问题。但如果是要产生一个MIDI文件，有吉他和弦（gchord）伴奏，则节拍错误或不规则就
会相当明显。
General MIDI Program Number/Instrument Name通用MIDI程式号码及对应的乐器名称
-------------------------------------------
（译者：下表应被视爲译文的一部分。）
1. Acoustic Grand Piano
2. Bright Acoustic Piano
3. Electric Grand Piano
4. Honky-tonk Piano
5. Electric Piano 1
6. Electric Piano 2
7. Harpsichord
8. Clavi
9. Celesta
10. Glockenspiel
11. Music Box
12. Vibraphone
13. Marimba
14. Xylophone
15. Tubular Bells
16. Dulcimer
17. Drawbar Organ
18. Percussive Organ
19. Rock Organ
20. Church Organ
21. Reed Organ
22. Accordion
23. Harmonica
24. Tango Accordion
25. Acoustic Guitar (nylon)
26. Acoustic Guitar (steel)
27. Electric Guitar (jazz)
28. Electric Guitar (clean)
29. Electric Guitar (muted)
30. Overdriven Guitar
31. Distortion Guitar
32. Guitar harmonics
33. Acoustic Bass
34. Electric Bass (finger)
35. Electric Bass (pick)
36. Fretless Bass
37. Slap Bass 1
38. Slap Bass 2
39. Synth Bass 1
40. Synth Bass 2
41. Violin
42. Viola
43. Cello
44. Contrabass
45. Tremolo Strings
46. Pizzicato Strings
47. Orchestral Harp
48. Timpani
49. String Ensemble 1
50. String Ensemble 2
51. SynthStrings 1
52. SynthStrings 2
53. Choir Aahs
54. Voice Oohs
55. Synth Voice
56. Orchestra Hit
57. Trumpet
58. Trombone
59. Tuba
60. Muted Trumpet
61. French Horn
62. Brass Section
63. SynthBrass 1
64. SynthBrass 2
65. Soprano Sax
66. Alto Sax
67. Tenor Sax
68. Baritone Sax
69. Oboe
70. English Horn
71. Bassoon
72. Clarinet
73. Piccolo
74. Flute
75. Recorder
76. Pan Flute
77. Blown Bottle
78. Shakuhachi
79. Whistle
80. Ocarina
81. Lead 1 (square)
82. Lead 2 (sawtooth)
83. Lead 3 (calliope)
84. Lead 4 (chiff)
85. Lead 5 (charang)
86. Lead 6 (voice)
87. Lead 7 (fifths)
88. Lead 8 (bass + lead)
89. Pad 1 (new age)
90. Pad 2 (warm)
91. Pad 3 (polysynth)
92. Pad 4 (choir)
93. Pad 5 (bowed)
94. Pad 6 (metallic)
95. Pad 7 (halo)
96. Pad 8 (sweep)
97. FX 1 (rain)
98. FX 2 (soundtrack)
99. FX 3 (crystal)
100. FX 4 (atmosphere)
101. FX 5 (brightness)
102. FX 6 (goblins)
103. FX 7 (echoes)
104. FX 8 (sci-fi)
105. Sitar
106. Banjo
107. Shamisen
108. Koto
109. Kalimba
110. Bag pipe
111. Fiddle
112. Shanai
113. Tinkle Bell
114. Agogo
115. Steel Drums
116. Woodblock
117. Taiko Drum
118. Melodic Tom
119. Synth Drum
120. Reverse Cymbal
121. Guitar Fret Noise
122. Breath Noise
123. Seashore
124. Bird Tweet
125. Telephone Ring
126. Helicopter
127. Applause
128. Gunshot
---------------------------------------------------------------------
This reference written 1995-1998 by James Allwright
本指南的作者是James Allwright 初版于1995-1998年间完成。

点击复制代码

琴韵晓波 · 发表于 2016-7-4 22:06:28

沙发琴韵晓波说：
非常感谢若飞的风老师和他的热心朋友们无偿的给我们翻译了这个使用指南！
下面附上我整理过的版本，以供大家参考。

Guide to writing abc for abc2midi
(Updated August 11 2015 -- %%MIDI expand, bendvelocity, bendstring,controlstring added.)

应用于abc2midi软件的abc曲子指南
（包括最近，2015年8月11日，的更新，增加了下列%% MIDI指令 --  %%MIDI expand, %%MIDI bendvelocity,  %%MIDI bendstring, %%MIDI controlstring。）

The defining document for abc is the abc version 1.6 specification which can be found at
http://www.gre.ac.uk/~c.walshaw/abc2mtex/abc.txt
. This document is a description of abc as interpreted by abc2midi.

在本指南中，abc曲子是根据 abc1.6版规范所制作，该规范位于
http://www.gre.ac.uk/~c.walshaw/abc2mtex/abc.txt
(译者：已找不到了)。

An abc tune consists of a header followed by a body. Each line in theheader is a different field starting with a letter immediately followed by : and then the text of the field. The body of the tune contains linesof music, though it may also contain certain fields. The end of the tune ismarked by a blank line (so blank lines cannot appear within the tune headeror body).

一个ABC曲子由表头与主体组成。
在表头部分，每一行都是一个不同的参数，以一个英文字母开始，紧跟着一个冒号“:”，然后是该参数的内容。
主体部分主要是音乐，不过也可包含几行参数文字。
乐曲的结尾是由一个空行来标记（因此空行不能在表头或内涵部分出现）。

Comments are allowed in both the header and the body. A comment starts with a % sign and continues to the end of the line. A comment may be on a line of its own or at the end of a line of abc.

注解可以用于曲子的任何部分。
注解部分以百分号“％”开始，并持续到该行的末尾。
注解可以单独在一行，也可在一行的结尾处。

The Header of the Tune

表头部分

The header should look something like this :

表头部分由不同的参数组成，如下所示：

X:1
T:The Rose Tree
M:4/4
L:1/8
Q:1/4=120
K:G

（译者：abc曲子原文，若像上面这个例子直接明了不需翻译时，应被视爲译文的一部分，以避免没必要地重复。）

X: is the reference number (each tune in a file should have a unique referencenumber). T: is the title of the tune, M: is the time signature, L: is theunit note length and K: is the key signature. Q: is the tempo field. Inthe above example the tempo is given as 120 quarter-notes per minute. X:must be the first field and K: must be the last field in the header.

X:是序号（文件中每一首曲子应该有一个独特的序号）。
T:是曲子的名称。
M:是节拍（4/4， 3/8等等）。
L:是单位音符长度。
K:是调号。
Q:是速度。
在上面的例子中速度给定为每分钟120个四分音符。
X:必须在第一行，而K:必须在最后一行。
(译者：下一段原文中在本章结尾，移到这儿文气连贯。)

Other fields may also appear in the header. Common ones are C: composer of the tune, D: discography, H: history of the tune, S: source, N: notes, Z: transcription note, A: area from which the tune comes, B: book and R: rhythm.

表头部分也可包含其他参数记录其他资料。
较常见的是C: 作者，D: 专辑名称，H: 历史，S: 来源，N: 备注，Z: 译注，A: 地区，B: 书名，与R:  节奏。

It is advisable to write the fields M:, L: and Q: in that order. Thereason for this is that M: can set up a unit note length which L:overrides and the tempo field Q: can be written in other forms thatdepend on unit note length. This order makes the meaning clear andunambiguous. The original abc specification gives a rule for computinga default value for the unit note length from the M: field. abc2midionly uses this rule for choosing a unit note length in the header ifthe L: field has been omitted.

在编写表头部分时，参数M:，L:和Q:最好是按照上列顺序。
原因是M:参数值可以导出单位音符长度，该单位音符长度可由L:参数值重设，而Q:参数值也可以用包含单位音符长度的形式表示。
按照上列顺序则各参数值的含义清晰而明确。
通行的abc写作规范包括了从M:参数值计算单位音符长度的公式。
但 abc2midi软件只有在没有L:参数值时才使用此公式。

The tempo is usually indicated with the Q: field command,eg. Q:1/4=180 which is interpreted as 180 quarter beats per minute.In compliance with the abc standard 2.0, you may alsoindicate the tempo using directives such as "lento","allegro", "vivace" etc.

速度通常是用Q:参数值表示，比如，Q:1/4=180代表每分钟180个四分音符。
新的abc2.0文件
标准允许使用文字参数值如 "lento", "allegro", "vivace" 等来指定速度。
（新用法的例子见下。）

The following table based onhttp://www.music.vt.edu/musicdic ... empo/tempo1.htmlwas used to translate the indications:

下表是根据网页
http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdic ... x/tempo/tempo1.html
所制。
用于对照文字参数值与数字参数值：

Larghissimo 1/4=40
Adagissimo 1/4=44
Lentissimo 1/4=48
Largo 1/4=56
Adagio 1/4=59
Lento 1/4=62
Larghetto 1/4=66
Adagietto 1/4=76
Andante 1/4=88
Andantino 1/4=96
Moderato 1/4=104
Allegretto 1/4=112
Allegro 1/4=120
Vivace 1/4=168
Vivo 1/4=180
Presto 1/4=192
Allegrissimo 1/4=208
Vivacissimo 1/4=220
Prestissimo 1/4=240

Note: case is ignored (eg. ALLEGRO Allegro or allegro are treatedthe same). The directive must be enclosed in double quotes.

注：文字参数值忽略大小写（例如，ALLEGRO， Allegro or allegro将被视为相同）。
文字参数值必须在双引号中，例如Q: "Adagio"。
Reference上述资料来源是:
http://abc.sourceforge.net/stand ... html#Q:%20-%20tempo

Examples:

例子

X:1
T:tempo
M:2/4
L:1/4
K:G
Q: "Adagio"
CD|EF|
Q: "Adagio" 1/4=40
GA|Bc|
（译者：保持abc曲子原文，abc曲子原文应被视爲译文的一部分。）

(In the second tempo command, the 1/4=40 overrides the default1/4=59.)

第二个速度参数值，Q: "Adagio" 1/4=40，中1/4=40取代了默认值1/4=59。

The symbols M:C and M:C| give common time (4/4) and cut time (2/2)The symbol M:none omits the meter entirely (free meter).

参数值M:C 与 M:C| 分别代表节拍4/4 与2/2。
参数值M:none 表示自由节拍。

It is also possible to specify a complex meter, e.g. M:(2+3+2)/8, to make explicit which beats should be accented. The parentheses around the numerator are optional.

也可以指定复杂的节拍，例如M:(2+3+2）/8，用来明确地指出重音所在。
周围的括号可有可无。

Key Signature:

调号

The K: is made up of a base note A-G possibly followed by b for flat or# for sharp. This specifies a major key. A minor key can be specifiedby adding an m while Mixolydian and Dorian modes can be specified by addingMix and Dor respectively e.g.

调号参数值由下列部分组成，符号K:，大调名字包括一个基础音（A到G），随后可以有升降号b或＃。
小调可以通过添加一个m来代表。
而Mixolydian和Dorian调式则是由添加Mix和Dor 来代表。
如下例：
K:Eb降E调
K:EDorE多利亚调式
K:EbDor降E多利亚调式

The following table relates the number of sharps or flats you see on thestave to what is in the K: field :

下表是五线谱上升降号数目与K参数值的对照表:
7 sharps:
C# A#m G#Mix D#Dor
6 sharps:
F# D#m C#Mix G#Dor
5 sharps:
B  G#m F#Mix C#Dor
4 sharps:
E  C#m BMix  F#Dor
3 sharps:
A  F#m EMix  BDor
2 sharps:
D  Bm  AMix  EDor HP Hp
1 sharp:
G  Em  DMix  ADor
0 sharps:
C  Am  GMix  DDor

无升降号：
C调，A小调，G混合莉迪亚调式， D多利亚调式。

1 flat:
F  Dm  CMix  GDor
2 flats:
Bb Gm  FMix  CDor
3 flats:
Eb Cm  BbMix FDor
4 flats:
Ab Fm  EbMix BbDor
5 flats:
Db Bbm AbMix EbDor
6 flats:
Gb Ebm DbMix AbDor
7 flats:
Cb Abm GbMix DbDor

（译者：上表应被视爲译文的一部分。）

As an extension, abc2midi also recognizes "Maj" for Major "Min" for Minor,"Phr" for Phrygian, "Lyd" for Lydian, "Aeo" for Aeolian and "Loc" forLocrian. Thus CMaj, EPhr, FLyd, AAeo and  BLoc will all generate a stave with no sharps or flats. If you use one of these modes in the key signature, it is recommended that you add a comment giving the number of sharps or flats forthe benefit of other people who may not be familiar with modes. e.g.

在abc2midi软件中下列缩写符号也可以使用：
"Maj" 代表 Major， "Min"代表Minor, "Phr"代表Phrygian, "Lyd"代表Lydian, "Aeo"代表Aeolian， "Loc"代表Locrian。
因此CMaj, EPhr, FLyd, AAeo 与 Bloc都会产生一个没有升降号的五綫谱。
因爲很多人不熟悉“中古调式”，如果调号参数值中有中古调式符号，建议添加注释说明有几个升降号。
例如
K: DLoc % 3 flats 注释：D洛克里亚调式，3个降记号。

The key signature may be followed by modifiers. A modifier consists of ^^, ^=, _ or __ followed by a-g. As an example, ^g means every a should be playedsharp unless otherwise marked in the music. This adds ^g to the existingkey signature. For exampleK: G ^c^g will produce a key signature similar to A major.

调号之后可以有“修饰符”。
修饰符可以是重升^^，升^，还原=，降号_或重降__，符号后面跟一个a到g的音级。
例如，^g表示每一个g音演奏时，除非乐谱中另有标注，应升半音。
例如K: G ^c^g调号代表一个类似A大调的调号。

Following the abc draft 2.0 standard, inserting the string exp in the key signature will cause abc2midi to override the existing key signature. ThusK: A exp _bwill remove the f,c and g sharps and put a b-flat instead. You may useboth upper and lower case letters as key modifiers since they aredistinguished by abcm2ps.

根据abc2.0版规范的草案，使用abc2midi时可以用exp字串来改变调子，效果是用新的变音记号取代原有的变音记号。
例如K: A exp _b 代表取消升f，c和g并加入降b。
变音记号后面的音级可以以大写或小写字母代表。

Another extension of the K: field is that it can include a clef specifier，an octave specifier and a transpose specifier e.g.K:G clef=soprano octave=-1 transpose=-1

调号参数值也可以包括谱号值，八度值，和转调值。
例如
K:G clef=soprano octave=-1 transpose=-1
（用法说明于下）。

The clef is recognized by typesetting programs such as yaps and abc2mpsand in some situations it will cause abc2midi to transpose the notesup or down by an octave.  Recognized clefs are treble,bass, baritone, tenor, alto, mezzo and soprano. There are also variantsof these clefs; treble-8, tenor-8,  treble+8  covering ranges which are anoctave below and an octave above the normal treble clef. Othervariants are not recognized at this time. No transposition isassumed for the bass clef since many abc files enter the noteswith all the commas.

常用的排版软件，例如yaps和abc2mps，可以辨认“谱号值”，但在某些情况下，谱号值会导致abc2midi软件将音符移调向上或向下一个八度。
公认的谱号值是treble, bass, baritone, tenor, alto, mezzo and soprano（这些谱号值大致是高音，低音，中音，男高音，女中音，次女高音和女高音）。
由这些谱号演绎出来的谱号有些也可接受，比如：treble-8高音-8，覆盖范围是低于正常高音谱号一个八度，与treble+8  高音+8，覆盖范围是高于正常高音谱号一个八度。
其它演绎出来的谱号目前不能使用。
出现低音谱号不意味已转调，因为许多abc文件输入音符时已加了所需的逗号。

The octave specifier is a convenience to make entering music easier.It allows the user to avoid repeatedly entering commas or apostropheswhen entering a sequence of low or high notes. Both yaps and abc2midiwill transpose the notes by the specified number of octaves during the parsing stage, e.g. the passage  B,,, C,, D,, E,, F,, could be written more compactly as
  I:octave=-2
  B, C D E F
I:octave=0

使用“八度值”使输入音符更省事，在输入一序列的高或低音符时不需要重复输入逗号或单引号。
写谱软件如yaps或abc2midi将音符依指定数量转移八度，比如乐段B,,, C,, D,, E,, F,,可以更紧凑地写成

I:octave=-2
  B, C D E F
  I:octave=0

Some instruments such as the Bb clarinet automatically transpose thewritten music. For example in the case of the clarinet, the music iswritten in the key of C but the instrument plays it in the key of Bb.For multivoiced tunes, the %%MIDI transpose indication is not that usefulsince it transposes all the voices by the specified amount. The transpose=n subcommand in the K: field tells abc2midi to transposea particular voice by n semitones without affecting how it appears inthe printed score. For example for the tune,

一些乐器会将乐谱上的音乐自动转调。
比如降B调单簧管，用C调编写的音乐，乐器将以降B调演奏。
对于多声部，multi voiced ，曲调，%%MIDI transpose 指令是没有多大用处的，因为会将所有声部都按指定量调换了。
这时，可用调号参数值中的transpose=n指令，指示abc2midi将一个指定的声部移调n个半音。
例如，下一段曲子，

X:1
T:tranposing
M:1/8
L:2/4
K:C
V:1
K:C transpose=-1
CDEF|GABc|
V:2
K:C
CDEF|GABc
V:1
CDEF|GABc|
V:2
CDEF|GABc

（译者：保持abc曲子原文，abc曲子原文应被视爲译文的一部分。）

Voice 1 will be played one semitone lower than indicated.These transposition features are disabled for channel 10 whichis reserved for percussion instruments.

第一个声部，Voice 1，演奏时会比文中所示，即CDEF|GABc|，低一个半音。
请注意：留给打击乐器的第十通道，channel 10，没有这些换位的功能。

Voice indication:声部标示Many multivoiced abc files now use the V: indication tospecify additional information such as the clef, name ofthe voice (to appear in the score). Furthermore, theV: indication may occur in the header (i.e. before thefirst K: indication), for the sole purpose of specifyingsuch information. Abc2midi, yaps and abc2abc now recognizesthe subfields octave=, clef= and transpose= in the V:field and treats them in the same manner as if they occurredin a K: field (as discussed above). Thus the V: field mayappear as

多重声部曲调可以使用声部参数值，V：，指定附加的信息，例如谱号，声部在乐谱上的名称等等。
声部参数值可以出现在表头部分（即在第一个调号参数值之前）。
在声部参数中，软件abc2midi，yaps和abc2abc可识别下列指令octave=,八度，clef= ，谱号，与 transpose=，转调，
它们在声部参数的功能与在调号参数相同。
（详见上文）。
一些使用的例子如下
V: 1 clef=treble+8
Or或
[V: 3 transpose=3]

The V: field is also recognized in both the body and headerof the abc file.  Note that not all abc applications may recognizethese extensions, so you use them at the risk that they may not be treated as expected in some cases. Also in the event thatthere is a conflicting indication in either the voice orkey signature field, eg.  [V: 1 clef=transpose+8 octave=-1]the clef indication predominates.

声部参数值可以出现在表头部分，也可以出现在内涵部分。
请注意，并非所有的abc软件对声部参数值的识别能力都一样，在某些情况下，可能会有不如预期的结果。
此外若声部参数或调号参数中指令有冲突时，谱号，clef= ，指令爲准。

These transposition features are disabled for channel 10which is reserved for percussion instruments.

请注意：留给打击乐器的第十通道，channel 10，没有换位的功能。

The Body of the Tune

主体部分

Following the header is the tune. This is a textual notation for the things you might see on a stave :

表头部分后面是曲子的主体部分，由五线谱上看到的东西的文字符号所组成。

Notes:

音符

A note consists of a pitch specifier followed by a length. Available pitch specifiers are : C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C D E F G A B c d e f g a b c' d' e' f' g' a' b'

在本文中音符包括音高标记与声音长度。
可用的音高标记从低到高爲：
C, D, E, F, G, A, B,C D E F G A Bc d e f g a bc' d' e' f' g' a' b'

This covers 4 octaves. abc2midi allows lower octaves to be reached by adding extra , characters and higher octaves to be reached by adding extra ' characters. However, this is not standard abc and may not be supported by other abc utilities.

上列标记涵盖了四个八度。
在abc2midi软件中，更低的八度可以用增加逗号，,，来代表，更高的八度可以用增加单引号，'，来代表。
但是这种表示方法不是标准abc文法所以可能不被其他abc 软件接受。

You can raise or lower the pitch specifier a semitone by preceding it with ^ or _ respectively. The key signature and preceding sharps, flats and bar lines modify the default pitch in the same way as on a stave. Preceding a note with = generates natural pitch and ^^ and __ can be used for double sharp and double flat respectively.

升记号，^，或降记号，_，加在一个音高标记前代表升高或降低一个半音。
一个音符的实际音高，和在五綫谱上一样，是由调号，音符前面的升降记号，与小节线决定。
音高标记前如有还原记号，=，音高回到自然高度。
此外，重升记号，^^，和重降记号，__，都是可以接受的。

Microtones are indicated by following a ^ or _ with a fraction. ^/C is played as one quarter tone (i.e. half a semitone) above C. _/C is played as one quarter tone (i.e. half a semitone) below C. ^^/4F is played as 1/4 of a semitone above F#. (The microtone always follows any accidentals.) In general a microtone offset is indicated by a fraction using the same convention as note length (described below). Abcmidi uses the same microtone syntax as abcm2ps. (See features.txt in the abcm2ps distribution.)

微调，microtone，记号由升降记号，^或_，与斜綫组成。
比如，音符 ^/ C演奏时比C高四分之一音（即半个半音），音符_/ C演奏时比C低四分之一音（即半个半音），音符^^/4F演奏时比F＃高四分之一个半音。
（如有升降记号时microtone记号在升降记号后面）。
软件abc2midi与abcm2ps使用相同的微调，microtone，语法。
（详见abcm2ps软件中features.txt一文。）

Note that unlike accidentals, microtones do not propagate across a measure. Microtones are implemented using the MIDI pitchwheel command. Since the pitchwheel affects all notes played on a specific channel, a microtone applied to any note in a chord specified by rectangular brackets, (eg. [ACE]) will apply to all the notes in the chord. Microtone accidentals override any sharpening or flattening induced by key signatures. To illustrate
K: G
^/F F ^^/2F F|
does the following. Even though the key of G major causes F to be sharp,  the first note is F natural raised by half a semitone. This effects the next note in making it F natural instead of F#. The third note is F# raised by a half a semitone. The F#  propagates to the last note making it also F#.

下面是微调，microtone，的一些特性。
演奏时，微调是使用MIDI pitchwheel指令来实现，其效果不能跨过小节綫。
由于pitchwheel会影响分配在一个通道，channel,的所有音符，所以方括号指定的和弦，如：[ACE]，中的任何音符被微调了则此和弦的所有音符都被微调。
微调记号取代了调号中所有的升降记号。
比如说
K: G
^/F F ^^/2F F|
代表下列这些音高。
虽然G大调中F音升半音，由于微调符号，第一个F是自然音高提高半个
半音，第二个F是自然音高，而不是F＃。
第三个音是F＃提高半个半音，升记号传播到最后一个音符，所以它也是F＃。

In accordance to the General MIDI recommendations the pitch range of the pitchwheel is set to plus or minus two semitones. Therefore abc2midi cannot go beyond this range.

通常MIDI pitchwheel的音高范围是加减二个半音，因此软件abc2midi能接受的微调的音域不能超越这个范围。

Microtones may be placed between tied notes, producing a pitch bend effect. eg G- ^/G.

微调可以用于连音，产生滑音的效果，例如G- ^/G.

Microtones have been introduced fairly recently into abc2midi (Mar 2005); so far there is very little abc notated on the web which exploits this feature.

微调最近才被abc2midi软件接受（2005年3月）;到目前为止利用此功能谱写的abc曲子在网络上还很少发现。

The length is in general specified by a fraction following the pitch specifier. However, the notation is made more concise by allowing much of the fraction to be omitted.

声音的长度由音高标记后面的“分数”来表示。
但是，通用符号常被简化了。

C  - selects a note of 1 unit note length.C2 - selects a note of 2 unit note lengths.C/2 - selects a note of 1/2 unit note length.C3/4 - selects a note of 3/4 unit note length.

C  -一单位音符长。
C2 -  二单位音符长。
C/2 -  二分之一单位音符长。
C3/4 -  四分之三单位音符长。

C/ is allowed as an abbreviation of C/2. C// is allowed as an abbreviation of C/4. However, this is not standard notation and is not allowed by all abc programs.

符号C/2可以简写爲C/，符号C/4可以简写爲C//。
但这些不是标准写法，有些abc软件可能不接受。

No space is allowed within a note, but space may be used to separate notes in the tune.

一个“音符”不能含有“空格”，但空格可以在音符之间以区分音符。

Rests are written by using 'z' as the pitch specifier.z3 - a rest of 3 unit note lengths.Multiple bar rests can be created using 'Zn' where n is the number of bars rest required. This is an extension to the standard syntax.

休止符以“z”爲音高标记。
如下例
z3 -  休止三单位音符长。
多小节休止符可以用“Zn”来表示，其中n是休止的小节数。

Placing a dot before a note causes it to be played staccato.  (.e)  Placing a M before a note indicates legato. (Me)Placing a H before a note indicates a fermata.  (He)Placing a T before a note indicates that this note is trilled.  (Te)Placing a R before a note indicates that this note is rolled. (Re)

在音高标记前的点号代表断音，staccato，例如.e
在音高标记前的M代表连奏，legato，例如Me
在音高标记前的H代表延音，fermata，例如He
在音高标记前的T代表颤音，trill，例如Te
在音高标记前的R代表回音，roll，例如Re

Alternatively you may put !fermata! or !trill! before the note. Other decorations have not been implemented in this manner. The fermata may also be applied to a rest, (in order to handle multivoiced files).

使用!fermata!  或  !trill!于音高标记前也可达到同样的效果。
类似的文法不适用于其他的装饰音。

Combining notes

连音

Three notes of the same length can be turned into a triplet by prefixing them with (3. This has the effect of multiplying the note lengths by 2/3. A chord can be represented by bracketting the notes together within [ and ] e.g. [a2e2]. An older notation which is also supported is to use + symbols e.g. +a2e2+. The - symbol can be used to tie together notes of the same pitch e.g. a2-a; this is equivalent to a3.

和弦以将音符一起包围在[和]之间来表示，例如[a2e2]。
旧的和弦表示方法，使用符号+，比如+ a2e2+，也可以接受。
符号- 可以用于连接两个相同音高的音，例如 a2-a，与a3相同。

From version 1.4 of abc2midi, the support of tuples and chords is extended to include general tuple notation (p:q:r , [ and ] for chords and a more flexible system of interpreting chords. (p:q:r means play the next r notes at q/p of their notated value. Thus (3:2:3 is equivalent to an ordinary triplet (3 .

三连音的表示方法是将符号（3加在三个相同长度的音符前。
从1.4版本开始，abc2midi 也接受
下述连音的表示方法。
符号(p:q:r 表示，接着的r 个音符，必须在q单位音长内演奏p个音符，
根据这个解释(3:2:3 就是普通的三连音(3。

It is possible in abc to write notes of different lengths within a chord e.g. [ab2] . In this case, abc2midi takes the length of the first note (or rest) in a chord is taken as the time before the next note is played. However, if the music is to be typeset, this notation should be avoided because the output will be ambiguous. Instead, the same effect can be achieved using tied notes e.g. [ab2] c is equivalent to [ab-] [bc]. A tie sign is always assumed to belong to the immediately previous note.

根据abc曲子的规则，和弦内可以有不同长度的音符例如[ab2]。
在这种情况下，abc2midi采用和弦的第一个音符（或休止符）的长度为演奏下一个音符之前的时间间隔。
如果音乐将被排版，则应该避免这种表示法，以免造成误会。
同样的效果可以通过连音达成，例如[ab2] c等于[ab-] [bc]。
此处连接綫符号是和上一个音符一起，所以效果是把b连接了。

A run of 2 or more different notes may be grouped together in a slur. This usually means that the notes are to be played together as smoothly as possible. In typeset music, a slur looks very similar to a tie, but in abc, ( marks the start of a slur and ) marks the end. e.g. (abc) . abc2midi recognizes slurs, but they have no effect on the MIDI generated.

两个或更多不同的音符可以用一个圆滑綫连在一起。
通常意味着这些音符必须一起圆滑地演奏。
在abc曲子中左括号，（，标志着一个圆滑綫的开始，而右括号，），标志着一个圆滑綫的结束，例如（abc）。
圆滑綫可用于abc2midi，但对产生的MIDI没有影响。

Bar lines and variant endings

小节綫与乐曲终结符号

| is an ordinary barline
|| is a double barline
:| is "repeat last section".
|: is "repeat next section".
:: is "repeat last and next sections".
|1 or |[1 or | [1 is "first repeat ending".
:|2 or :|[2 or :| [2 is "second repeat ending".
|[1,3 is first and third ending
:|[2,4 is second and fourth ending
|] and [| are variants of ||.The notation :: is short for :| followed by |: .

|标准的小节綫。
|| 双小节綫。
:| 重复上段。
|: 重复下段。
::  重复上段与下段。
|1 或|[1 或| [1  第一次重复。
:|2或:|[2或:| [2 第二次重复。
|[1,3  第一与第三次重复。
:|[2,4第二与第四次重复。
|] 与 [|与||一样。
符号::是:||: 的缩写。

A tune with different ending for the first, second and third repeats has the general form:|:  common body of tune  |1  first ending  :|2  second ending :|3 third ending  ||

当曲子重复三次，每次有不同的结尾时，曲子的模式如下
|:  共同的部分 |1  第一次结尾:|2  第二次结尾:|3第三次结尾||

You may also use this notation to indicate that the first ending is played on the first and third repeat. For example |:common body of tune|1,3  first ending  :|2 second ending  :|4 forth ending|(The last variant ending should not end with a :|. In other words, this will not work correctly.  |: ... |[1,2 :|.)

以下模式代表第一与第三次结尾相同
|:  共同的部分 |1,3  第一，三次结尾:|2  第二次结尾:|4第四次结尾|
（上述模式不可以:|号结束。
也就是说 |: ... |[1,2 :|是不正确的。)

For multivoice abc files, you should be careful that the different voices share the same repeat structure. When switching voices (assuming they are interleaved)  abc2midi does not cache the repeat state.

在多声部，multivoice，曲子中，不同的声部必须有相同的重复结构。
当需要切换声部时abc2midi假设不同的声部都在相同的重复位置。

Printed music commonly misses out a start repeat at the beginning of a tune. abc2midi will try to fix up things if you miss out a start repeat in single voice music. Where a tune starts with an anacrusis, abc2midi will always fix a repeat to start at the anacrusis rather than the first barline. It is recommended that you use matching start and end repeats rather than rely on this behaviour. Missing start repeats are not supported in multiple voice music. Also, abc2midi does not allow nested repeats. However, you can use the more versatile part notation to achieve multiple repeats.

乐谱通常不标记在乐曲开头的重复记号。
在单声部的曲子中 abc2midi会尝试修复在乐曲开头的重复记号。
如果乐曲不是由小节綫开始，即有anacrusis的情形，重复由第一个音符而不是第一个小节线开始。
最好是重复的开始和结束明显地相互匹配，而不要依赖abc2midi来修复。
上述的修复功能不适用于多声部曲子。
此外，abc2midi不允许重复的句子在重复的句子中。
因此须用部分符号来实现多重重复。
（部分符号的用法会在后面的章节中描述。）

It is not unusual to see music where a repeat does not coincide with the end of a bar and the number of beats is not quite correct if the piece is played exactly as written. A human player usually knows enough to correct the mistake themselves, but abc2midi will play exactly what is written, so care needs to be taken that this is corrected when the piece is transcribed to abc.

乐谱中重复部分的小错误，比如拍数不对或没终止在一个小节綫等等，相当常见。
乐师演奏时通常会自动更正乐谱中的错误，但abc2midi只会按谱演奏，所以当写作abc曲子时，必须非常小心避免错误。

节奏参数值与附点音符
Rhythm field and Broken Rhythm Notation

R:hornpipe causes notes written in straight time to be played in dotted time. The symbol > can be used to achieve a similar effect. For 4/4 time this is applied to the 1/8 notes. For 2/4 time this is applied to the 1/16 notes. a>b is notated as a3/2b/2 but played as a4/3b2/3.

Hornpipe是爱尔兰的一个传统曲调，用了很多点音符，（点音符的效果爲延长音符的一半长度）。节奏参数值R：hornpipe转变正常写成的音符爲点音符。
符号>可用来实现同样的效果。
音符a>b 代表a3/2b/2，但abc2midi会演奏成a4/3b2/3。

The symbols <>><<>>><<< have similar meanings:a<bis notated as a/2b3/2 but played as a2/3b4/3.a>>b  is notated and played as  a7/4b/4.a<<b  is notated and played as  a/4b7/4.a>>>b is notated and played as  a15/8b/8.a<<<b is notated and played as  a/8b15/8.

下列符号<>><<>>><<<达到类似的效果，
a<b代表a/2b3/2，演奏成a2/3b4/3。
a>>b  代表a7/4b/4，也演奏成a7/4b/4。
a<<b  代表a/4b7/4，也演奏成a/4b7/4。
a>>>b  代表a15/8b/8，也演奏成a15/8b/8。
a<<<b  代表a/8b15/8，也演奏成a/8b15/8。

These times may be adjusted for < and > using the %%MIDI ratio command described later.

符号<和>的效果可以用%%MIDI ratio 指令改变。
如何使用将在以后的章节解释。

Beware that attempting "advanced" use of these symbols may mean your abc is not portable between different abc programs. If the notes on either side of the symbol are different lengths, this is reported as an error. If a and b are not simple notes, or if there are other complications, then it is safer to write the note lengths directly.

需注意下列事项，使用这些“高级”功能，会使abc曲子无法通用在诸多软件中。
在<或>符号两端的音符长度必须相同。
如果两端的音符不是简单的音符，最好直接将各个音的长度标明。

Guitar chords :

吉他和弦

Anything in quotes is a guitar chord e.g. "A" "Gm" "B7" "Bm7" "D#aug" "Bbdim7". Guitar chords must use upper case A-G followed by optional # or b, then the name of a chord type e.g. "m", "aug", "7".  abc2midi currently recognizes the following chord names :m, 7, m7, maj7, M7, 6, m6, aug, +, aug7, dim, dim7, 9, m9, maj9, M9, 11, dim9, sus, sus9, 7sus4, 7sus9, 5You can also add your own; see the %%MIDI chordname command below.

吉他和弦须包括在双引号内，例如"A"，"GM"，"B7"，"BM7"，"D#aug" ，"Bdim7"。
吉他和弦的命名必须使用大写字母A～G，如有需要＃或b记号，然后是和弦的种类，例如"m", "aug", "7"等等。
目前下列和弦种类可用于abc2midi：
m, 7, m7, maj7, M7, 6, m6, aug, +, aug7, dim, dim7, 9, m9, maj9, M9, 11, dim9, sus, sus9, 7sus4, 7sus9, 5
如有需要可用%%MIDI chordname 指令添加和弦种类。

abc2midi automatically generates an accompaniment from the guitar chords. There are a number of default chord/fundamental rhythms for common time signatures which this uses, or you can set up your own.

使用一套默认的和弦与基本节拍的组合，软件abc2midi可从指定的吉他和弦自动生成伴奏。
这样产生的结果如不理想，使用者也可以另行建立合适的伴奏。

Lower case a-g followed by optional # or b will generate a single note, the fundamental, only.

小写字母a～g，如有需要跟着＃或b记号，代表单音，不是和弦。

The chord notation also allows chords such as "G/B" or "G/b". The note following the / is interpreted in one of two ways: If the note following / does not exist as part of the given chord, it is added to the chord below the root note of the chord (G in the above example). If the note following / does exist in the chord, then the notes of the chord are re-arranged so that it becomes the lowest pitch note of the chord. This is known as an inversion of the chord. It does not matter whether the note following the / is upper or lower case. They are both treated the same.

和弦符号诸如"G / B"或"G/ B"可被接受。
斜綫，/，后面的音符作用如下：
如果斜綫后面的音符不是和弦的一部分，则添加它到和弦根音音符（在上面的例子中的G）的下方。
如果斜綫后面的音符是和弦的一部分，则重新排列和弦音符，使得它成为和弦的最低音符。
这叫做和弦的转位。
此处，綫后面的音符可以是大写或小写。

This notation has been extended so that finger numbers "1" "2" "3", "4" or "5" are allowed. abc2midi ignores these, but a typesetting program might support them.

和弦符号可以包含手指数 "1" "2" "3", "4" 或 "5"，但abc2midi 会忽略这些数字。
有些打谱的软件可能会接受这些数字。

You may find some abc tunes that abuse this notation and use quotes for things that are not guitar chords. Usually these are tunes which have been typeset but never played by a computer. If you don't want to just delete things in quotes, you can insert one of the characters _, ^, @, < or > after the first quote e.g. "_Chorus" "_Very Loud". This causes abc2midi to ignore the following text. However,  typesetting programs should recognize the first character as telling them where to print the following text.

一些abc 曲子会错用双引号，将不是吉他和弦的符号放在双引号内。
这些曲子不能用电脑演奏。
如果真的需要将不是吉他和弦的符号放在双引号内，可以在第一个双引号后插入下列符号之一，_，^，@，<，或>，例如"_合唱团"，"^非常响亮"等等。
这个插入的符号会导致abc2midi忽略双引号内的文字。

Another extension is to allow musical instructions to appear in exclamation marks e.g. !pizzicato! abc2midi currently supports the following : !ppp! !pp! !p! !mp! !mf! !f! !ff! !fff!Default volume is equivalent to !f!.

音乐表情指示可以放在两个惊叹号，！，内，例如!pizzicato! 关于强度abc2midi 目前接受!ppp! !pp! !p! !mp! !mf! !f! !ff! !fff!默认值是!f!。

In both the " " and ! ! fields, abc2midi allows multiple terms separated by semi-colons e.g. "Am;1".

在双引号与惊叹号内，可以有多重指示或名称，名词间以分号分开，例如 "Am;1"，!pp；pizzicato！
下面是一些表情指示与说明

The !breath! instruction causes the note to be played half length followed by a rest of half its length (just like staccato).

!breath! 演奏该音符的一半长度，休止另一半长度。

The !arpeggio! instruction affects the next chord and introduces a larger delay between the onset of each note in the chord. (See the text preceding %%MIDI chordattack in this file for more explanations.)

!arpeggio! 下一个和弦琶音演奏。

The !crescendo(! and !crescendo)! delineate the start and end of a crescendo. Alternatively, you can use !<(! and !<)!. Abc2midi does not implement a gradual loudness increase, but instead increases the loudness at the start and end of the crescendo by a fixed amount. (See %%MIDI beatmod and %%MIDI deltaloudness for more information.)

!crescendo(! 和 !crescendo)! 指定渐强的范围。
也可用!<(! 和 !<)!。

The !diminuendo(! and !diminuendo)! behave similarly but reduce the loudness. These instructions have not been implemented in yaps.

!diminuendo(! 和 !diminuendo)! 指定渐弱的范围。

!ped! and !ped-end! press and release the sustain pedal on the piano. (The notes following !ped! and preceding !ped-end! are held. This effect applies to all instruments besides the piano.)

!ped! 和 !ped-end! 指定踏下延音踏板的范围。

A line of music may contain any number of notes, barlines and guitar chords. Spaces may be used to separate these.

乐曲中每一行由音符，小节綫，与和弦组成。
组成成分之间可以以空格分开。

Some abc fields may appear within the body of the abc tune :

有些abc 参数可能出现在abc 曲谱的主体中，表列如下：
K: - change key  转调
L: - change unit note length 换单位音符长度
M: - change meter 换拍子
Q: - change tempo 换速度
P: - part label  分段
V: - voice label 声部
w: - words to be matched syllable by syllable to notes 歌词

Each field must be on a line by itself.

每个参数必须独自在一行上。

Part Notation

乐段

A part label must be a single character in the range A - Z. e.g. P:A. A parts specifier in the header can be used to define the MIDI output as some combination of the specified parts e.g.P:ABACABA

乐段的名字由单独一个字母组成，标记如P:A。
在曲子表头的乐段参数值用来标示乐曲乐段的组成与顺序，例如：
P:ABACABA

You can use (  )<number> to repeat a part a specified number of times e.g. P:A(AB)6 is equivalent to P:AABABABABABAB. If there are no brackets, just the last part is repeated, so P:AAB3 is equivalent to P:AABBB. Dots may be inserted into the part specifier to make it easier to read e.g P:A.AB.AC

乐段参数值用 (  )数目代表重复，例如P:A(AB)6 即是P:AABABABABABAB。
如果没有括号，最后一段重复，例如：P:AAB3即是P:AABBB。
段与段之间可以点来分离以便閲读，例如：
P:A.AB.AC。

If there is no parts specifier, the output is simply the parts (or just the unlabelled music) in the order in which it appears in the tune body.

如果曲子表头没有乐段参数值，乐曲由乐段按照在曲子出现的顺序组成。

You may if you wish have multiple voices sounding concurrently within each part. These are indicated with V:N to indicate voice number N.e.g.
V:1
<music for voice part 1>
V:2
<music for voice part 2>
and so on.

在每个乐段中可以有多重声部。
声部由V:数目来表示，如下例
V:1
<声部1>
V:2
<声部2>
等等

A part label implicitly starts with V:1, as does the K: field which starts the tune body, so you are not allowed to place a part label within a voice. The duration of each of the voice parts must be the same for them to synchronize correctly; abc2midi will warn you if they are not! From version 1.7 onwards, abc2midi allows any voice apart from voice 1 to be completely omitted from a part.

但声部内不能再分乐段。
每个声部的长度必须是相同的，如有不同abc2midi 会发出警告。
从abc2midi1.7 版开始，任何乐段仅需要有一个声部，（即有些声部可以出现在某些乐段，但不在另一些乐段）。

If no field appears after the first K:, whatever follows is assumed to  belong to voice 1 (the default voice). The V: field is an extension to abc 1.5.

如果在第一个调号，K:，参数后没有声部，V:，参数，则后续的乐曲属于声部1（默认声部）。

The lines between one V:N field and the next V: field define a region belonging to voice N. Within a part, you may have more than one such region for each voice. The music for voice N within a part is all the voice N regions taken in sequence.

在声部参数记号V:N和下个声部参数记号之间的乐曲段落属于第N个声部。

The M:, L: and K: fields in the header apply to all voices. After the header, these fields apply only to the voice in which they appear. In previous versions of abc2midi, an L:, for example, would affect everything after it appeared up until the next L:, regardless of what voice changes there were.

曲子表头的“节拍”，M:，'单位音符长度”， L:，和 '调号”，K: ，参数值通用于所有声部。
表头以后，这些参数值仅适用于它们所在的声部。
（但在早期版本，一个参数值适用于下一个同样的参数值出现前的所有乐段，不论是那个声部。）

The Q: tempo field should only appear in voice 1 and applies to all voices.

“速度”，Q:，参数值仅能出现在第一个声部中，但通用于所有声部。

The U: abbreviation field has limited use here. You can specify an abbreviation such as
U: P = !trill!
and then in the body, eg. |DGAPF|, P will be replaced with !trill! Only letters between H and Z can be used. Furthermore, you can not redefine reserved letters such as H (fermata), L (unit length), M (mordent) , R (roll) , T (trill).

“缩写”，U:，参数用法说明如下，假如有参数值
U: P = !trill!
则乐曲内涵中的 P是!trill!的缩写，|DGAPF|等于|DGA!trill!F|。
请注意，缩写须用H 到 Z之间的大写且没有特定意义的字母。
有特定意义的字母如H (fermata), L (unit length), M (mordent) , R (roll) , T (trill)等，不可使用。

Adding Lyrics to a Tune

如何爲曲子加上歌词

The w: field (lower case w) in the body of a tune supplies a line of lyrics to be matched syllable by syllable to the last line of notes. These are usually printed below the notes if the abc is typeset.

“歌词”，w:，参数值，(w是小写)，是与曲子一字配一音的歌词。
当abc文件被打印成曲谱时，配合的曲行和词行交叉印出，每个字会在所配的音的下面。

The W: field (upper case W) can be used for lyrics to be typeset separately if the abc is printed out.

“附歌词”，W:，参数值，(W是大写)，是与曲谱分开来的歌词。
当abc文件被打印成曲谱时，
曲行和词行不交叉印出。

abc2midi uses these to generate karaoke MIDI files. A karaoke MIDI file can contain more than one set of lyrics in separate voices; an example is shown at the end of this section. By default the lyrics are embedded in the same MIDI track as the notes. If the runtime parameter -STFW is included, then the lyrics will be placed in separate and adjoining MIDI tracks. When the karaoke MIDI file is played using an appropriate player program, the lyrics appear on the screen with the current syllable highlighted.

软件abc2midi 利用歌词，w:，参数值来产生karaoke MIDI档。
通常karaoke MIDI档可以有多重声部，每部有各别的歌词。
没有特别指定时，曲子和歌词在同一个MIDI轨道，track，中。
如果指定了参数-STFW ，软件abc2midi将曲子和歌词放在相邻的MIDI轨道中。

Within the lyrics, the following symbols may be used :
<space> break between words
-break between syllables within a word
|advance to next bar
_indicates last syllable is to be held for another note
*indicates a one note rest for the singer.
~appears as a space but connects syllables each side into one.
\-  appears as - in the output
\continuation character. Next w: field is part of the same line.

下列符号可用于歌词，w:，参数值：
空格符号分开两个词
- 分开词中的两个字
| 进到下个小节
_ 上个字延长一个音
* 休息一个音
~ 连接两个词
\- 显示出- (符号-有特殊用处，假如歌词中需要-，必须这么作。)
\ 继续。
下一个歌词，w:，参数值是这行的延续。

A rest is not matched by any lyrics. A tied note e.g. d2-d2 is treated as 2 notes (or however many parts it is written as), despite the fact that it only plays as a single note.

休止符不能与歌词相配。
同音连线的音，比如 d2-d2，配以歌词时应分开来算。

abc2midi ignores space characters if they occur either (a) between the end of a word/syllable and a hyphen or underscore or (b) between a hyphen or underscore and the beginning of a word/syllable. However, some software incorrectly treats a hyphen as a separate word if there is a space between it and the previous syllable, so, for example, you should write go-ing and not go - ing to ensure that your abc is portable between programs.

“空格”与“-”两个符号的组合在不同软件中作用可能不同，所以如要用“-”于歌词中最好写成“歌-词”而避免写成“歌 -词”，“歌- 词”或“歌 - 词”。

Here are some examples taken from http://abc.sourceforge.net/standard/abc2-draft.html
w: syll-a-bleis aligned with three notes
w: syll-a--bleis aligned with four notes
w: syll-a -ble(equivalent to the previous line)
w: time__is aligned with three notes
w: of~the~dayis treated as one syllable (i.e. aligned with one note) but appears as three separate
words

一些例子
w: 多-雷-米匹配三个音
w: 多-雷--米匹配四个音
w: 多-雷 -米匹配四个音
w: 多__  匹配三个音
w: 多~雷~米虽然看起来是三个字，但匹配一个音

The following example illustrates most of these :

再一个例子

gf|e2dc B2A2|B2G2 E2D2|.G2.G2 GABc|d4 B2
w: Sa-ys my au-l' wan to your aul' wan\
w: Will~ye come to the Wa-x-ies dar-gle?

(保留原文不需翻译)

Note that the continuation character is used in a rather strange manner. One w: field and all continuations will match one line of music, whether or not the line of music ends with a continuation character. You can think of the \ in a music line dividing that line into sections and \ in a w: field further dividing these section into sub-sections.

上例中用到了反斜杠，\，符号，代表继续。
有继续符号的这行歌词与所有用继续符号连起来的后续歌词匹配到一行乐曲上。
如上例所示。
注意，该行乐曲没有继续符号，但歌词行有继续符号。

It is possible for a music line to be followed by several w: fields. This can be used together with the part notation to create verses. The first w: field is used the first time that part is played, then the second and so on. If the tune uses repeats, these must be placed at the end of a line of music in order to make sure that the start of a w: field matches up with the repeat.

一行乐曲可以匹配多行歌词，比如用于重复多次的乐段。
第一行歌词用于第一次，第二行歌词用于第二次，等等。
乐曲中的反复符号必须在一行的最后，以确保歌词与乐曲匹配完整。

Multivoiced lyrics example:

下面是个多声部歌词的例子

X:1
T:Multivoiced lyrics
M:2/4
L:1/16
K:C
V:1
C4 C4 | E4 G4 | c8 |]
w: 1 2 3 4 5
V:2
C4 E4 | C4 B4 | C8  |]
w: 11 12 13 14 15

(保留原文不需翻译)

BarFly stress modelsIf you include the run time parameter -BF in execution string, abc2midi will attempt to apply the BarFly stress model on the tune if it recognizes the rhythm designator (eg. R: jig) and if the time signature also matches the associated meter. There are two different implementations of the stress model which have different effects. (See %%MIDI ptstress below for more details.) You can specify the implementation to use by following the -BF flag with either the numeral 1 or 2. If you do not specify a model, the program will use model 2. More details can be found on
http://ifdo.ca/~seymour/runabc/abcguide/abc2midi_guide.html

如果abc2midi执行时指定了参数-BF，而且两个先决条件符合，则abc2midi会应用“巴福赖”节拍模式，BarFly stress model，于曲子。
两个先决条件是节奏参数值（如R：jig）是正确的，与乐曲与指定的节奏也相匹配。
须注意，“巴福赖”节拍模式，BarFly stress model，有两种，详情见下文有关%%MIDI ptstress 指令的说明。
更多细节请见网站
http://ifdo.ca/~seymour/runabc/abcguide/abc2midi_guide.html

abc2midi-specific commands (%%MIDI)

%%MIDI 指令使用说明

abc2midi supports a number of commands of the form%%MIDI commandEach of these should appear on a line by itself; however there is now provision to pass the MIDI command in an inline I: field (see CHANGES file, March 25 2005 entry.)  All of them are allowed within the abc tune body. By using these in combination with the part notation, one can, for example, play a part transposed or in a different key. The idea behind this syntax is that other programs will treat it as a comment and ignore it.

%%MIDI指令适用于abc2midi 软件。
每个指令必须独自在一行上，这样子其他，非abc2midi，软件会把此行当作是注解而跳过它。
（虽然如此，需注意在2005年3月25日，abc2midi 软件小改变，提供了在行中以I：参数值执行%%MIDI指令的功能。）
所有的%%MIDI指令都可以用在abc曲子的内涵中以达到各种效果。

%%MIDI channel n

通道 n

selects melody channel n (in the range 1-16).

选择第n个通道，n从1到16.
%%MIDI program [c] n MIDI 第n个音色，program，在第c个通道，channel

selects program n (in the range 1-128) on channel c. If c is not given, the program is selected on the current melody channel. Most modern tone generators follow the General MIDI standard which defines the instrument type for each program number. These instrument types are listed at the end of this document. Note that for multivoiced files, the program command is placed in the track associated with the voice previously declared. If the %%MIDI indications affect channels in other tracks, it is recommended that they are placed in the first track or first declared voice. See the note in the CHANGES file for the date January 1 2005.

效果应用于在第c个通道（channel）中的MIDI 第n个音色(program)。
数目n从1到128。
如果c没给，则是指当前的通道。
大多数现代声音合成器遵循“通用MIDI标准”来设定MIDI 音色号码与对应的乐器名称。
详表列于本指南的末尾。
对于多声部乐曲，一个声部上的音色指令只影响该声部。
如果%% MIDI指令需要影响多个声部，它们应被放置在第一个声部。
（见2005年1月1日更改文件，the CHANGES file for the date January 1 2005。）

%%MIDI beat a b c n

拍子的相对强度

controls the way note velocities are selected. The first note in a bar has velocity a. Other "strong" notes have velocity b and all the rest have velocity c. a, b and c must be in the range 0-127. The parameter n determines which notes are "strong". If the time signature is x/y, then each note is given a position number k = 0, 1, 2 .. x-1 within each bar. Note that the units for n are not the unit note length. If k is a multiple of n, then the note is "strong".

设定强音的位置与相对强度。
每小节的第一个音强度爲a，其他强音强度爲b，剩下的音强度爲c。
强度a,b,c 的数值在0到127之间。
参数n决定强音的位置。
假设拍子是x/y ，每个音在小节中的位置是k，k=0，1，2，到x-1，当k是n的倍数时，那个音是强音。
例子：%%MIDIbeat 105 95 80 2，拍子是6/8，则第一拍强度（k=0）是105，第三（k=2）与第五（k=4）拍强度是95，其
他拍强度是80。

The volume specifiers !ppp! to !fff! are equivalent to the following :

常用的强度记号默认值如下：
!ppp! = %%MIDI beat 30 20 10 1
!pp! = %%MIDI beat 45 35 20 1
!p! = %%MIDI beat 60 50 35 1
!mp! = %%MIDI beat 75 65 50 1
!mf! = %%MIDI beat 90 80 65 1
!f! = %%MIDI beat 105 95 80 1
!ff! = %%MIDI beat 120 110 95 1
!fff! = %%MIDI beat 127 125 110 1

%%MIDI beatmod n

改变强度

increments by n (or decrements if n is negative) the velocities a, b and c described above. It is also used in implementing crescendo and diminuendo (eg. !<(!, !crescendo(! etc.)

将“%%MIDIbeat a b c k”指令中设立的强度a, b 和 c各增加n度(假如n是负数，代表减少)。

%%MIDI nobeataccents

没有强拍

For instruments such as church organ that have no greatly emphasized beat notes, using this will force use of the 'b' velocity (see %%MIDIbeat) for every note irrespective of position in the bar.  This allows dynamics (ff, f, etc) to be used in the normal way.

所有的音的强度都是“%%MIDIbeat a b c k”指令中的b。
通常用于教堂风琴之类的乐器。

%%MIDI beataccents

恢复强拍

Revert to emphasizing notes the the usual way. (default)

恢复执行“%%MIDIbeat a b c k”指令

%%MIDI deltaloudness n

改变强度

where n is a small positive number.  By default the crescendo and dimuendo instructions modify the beat variables a, b, and c by 15 velocity units. This instruction allows you to change this default.

渐强与渐弱符号的默认强度改变是15度。
这个指令将改变度改爲n度。

%%MIDI beatstring <string of f, m and p>

强弱拍序列

This provides an alternative way of specifying where the strong and weak stresses fall within a bar. 'f' means velocity a (normally strong), 'm' means velocity b (medium velocity) and 'p' means velocity c (soft velocity). For example, if the time signature is 7/8 with stresses on the first, fourth and sixth notes in the bar, we could use the following %%MIDI beatstring fppmpmp

以一个序列来指定小节中各拍子的强弱，'f' 代表“%%MIDIbeat a b c k”指令中的a (强), 'm'代表b (中强) ， 'p' 代表c (弱)。
例子：拍子是7/8，则“%%MIDI beatstring fppmpmp”代表第一拍强，第四与第七拍中强。

%%MIDI transpose n

转调n

transposes the output by the specified number of semitones. n may be positive or negative.

转调n个半音，n可以是正值或负值。

%%MIDI rtranspose n

再转调n

Relative transpose by the specified number of semitones. i.e. %%MIDI transpose a followed by %%MIDI rtranspose b results in a transposition of a+b. %%MIDI transpose b will result in a transposition of b semitones, regardless of any previous transposition.

再转调n个半音。
用法如下：
如果“%%MIDI transpose a”后面跟着“%%MIDI rtranspose b”结果是转调a+b半音。
如果仅仅是“%%MIDI transpose b”则，不论先前是不是有其他转调指令，结果是转调b半音。

%%MIDI c n

c音高的位置

specifies the MIDI pitch which corresponds to c. The default is 60. This number should normally be a multiple of 12.

指定那个MIDI音是相当于c。
默认值是60，即第60个MIDI音高是c。
这个值通常是个12的倍数。

%%MIDI grace a/b

点缀音（相对）长度

sets the fraction of the next note that grace notes will take up. a must be between 1 and b-1. The grace notes may not sound natural in this approach, since the length of the individual grace notes vary with the complexity of the grace and the length of the following note. A different approach (which is now the default) assumes that the grace notes always have fixed duration specified by a fraction of the unit length. To use the other approach you would specify,

指定点缀音，grace notes，的长度与下个音的长度的比例，参数中a必须在1与b-1之间。
这样设定的点缀音长度听起来可能不自然。
下一个指令是比较好的办法，也是默认的办法。

%%MIDI gracedivider b

点缀音长度

where b specifies how many parts to divide the unit length specified by the L: field command. For example if b = 4 and L: = 1/8, then every grace note would be 1/(8*4) or a 32nd note. Time would be stolen from the note to which the grace note is applied. If that note is not long enough to handle the grace then the grace notes would be assigned 0 duration.

指定点缀音，grace notes，的长度是单位音符长度除以b。
单位音符长度是由L:参数值决定。
比如L: = 1/8，参数b = 4则点缀音长度是1/32音符。
如下个音符长度比指定的点缀音长度短，则点缀音长度爲零。

%%MIDI chordname name n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6

和弦名字与成分

Defines how to play a guitar chord called "name". n1 is usually 0 and n2, n3 to n6 give the pitches of the other notes in semitones relative to the root note. There may be fewer than 6 notes in the chord, but not more. If "name" is already defined, this command re-defines it. Unlike most other commands, chordname definitions stay in effect from where they are defined to the end of the abc file. The following illustrates how m, 7, m7 and maj7 could be set up if they were not already defined.

宣告一个吉他和弦的名字与其组成音。
参数“name”是和弦名字，n1通常为0，n2，n3至n6是每个音到“根音”的间距，单位是半音。
和弦可以少于6个音符，但不能多于6个音符。
如果这个名字的和弦已经存在，这个指令重新定义它。
和弦的名称定义有效至abc曲子的末尾。
下面举例说明如何定义和弦 m，7，m 7和maj7。
%%MIDI chordname m 0 3 7
%%MIDI chordname 7 0 4 7 10
%%MIDI chordname m7 0 3 7 10
%%MIDI chordname maj7 0 4 7 11

%%MIDI gchord string

吉他和弦小节组成

sets up how guitar chords are generated. The string is a sequence made of z's, c's f's and b's for rests, chords,  fundamental and fundamental plus chord notes respectively. This specifies how each bar is to be played. An optional length is allowed to follow the z's, c's, f's and b's  e.g. czf2zf3. If the abc contains guitar chords, then abc2midi automatically adds chords and fundamentals after encountering the first guitar chord. It keeps using that chord until a new chord is specified in the abc. Whenever the M: field isencountered in the abc, an appropriate default string is set :

设定吉他和弦如何演奏。
“小节组成”字符串是由z，c，f和b字母组成，分别代表：休息，和弦，主音，主音以外的音。
这个字符串指定了每个小节应如何弹奏。
每个字母后面可以有数字代表长度，例如czf2zf3。
如果abc曲子使用吉他和弦，abc2midi软件在第一个吉他和弦出现时自动使用和弦和主音。
这个和弦一直使用到下一个新的和弦出现。
每个M:参数值有个对应的默认字符串，如下：
For 2/4 or 4/4 time default is equivalent to :

2/4 or 4/4拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzczfzcz

For 3/4 time default is equivalent to :

3/4拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzczcz

For 6/8 time default is equivalent to :

6/8拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzcfzc

For 9/8 time default is equivalent to :

9/8拍子对应的默认字符串是
%%MIDI gchord fzcfzcfzc

Please note, that the default gchord string is reissued any time a time signature change is specified in the body of the music. This means if one of the bars has an extra beat you included a M: declaration before and after the measure, the gchord string would be reset to the default string for that time signature and not the one that you had declared. It is necessary for you to send another %%MIDI gchord declaration after the time signature in order to set this back the way you want it. This is one of the changes introduced into abc2midi so that the accompaniment track always follows the meter of the music for the regular time signatures.

请注意，在曲子中拍子改变时吉他和弦的默认字符串也跟着改变。
这意味着，如果某小节有一个额外的拍子，该小节前后都要有一个M:参数值，过了该小节，后面M:参数值对应的默认
字符串将被执行。
如果这不是想要的结果，则必须用另一个%% MIDI gchord指令来改变它。

The gchord command has been extended to allow you to play the individual notes comprising the guitar chord. This allows you to play broken chords or arpeggios. The new codes g,h,i,j,G,H,I,J reference the individual notes starting from the lowest note of the chord (not necessarily the root in the  case of inverses). For example for the C major chord, g refers to C, h refers to E and i refers to G. For a gchord command such as,%%MIDI gchord ghih . Abc2midi will arpeggiate the C major guitar chord to CEGE. The upper case letters G,H,I, and J refer tothe same notes except they are transposed down one octave. Note for the first inversion of the C major chord (indicated by "C/E"), E would be the lowest note so g would reference the note E.

该gchord指令的另一功能是分别弹奏吉他和弦的各个音符以演奏分解和弦或琶音。
新代码g,h,i,j,G,H,I,J代表和弦的各个音符，从低至高。
例如， C大调和弦，g指的是C，h指的是E，而i指的是G。
例如指令，
%% MIDI gchord ghih
abc2midi将分别演奏 C大调吉他和弦CEGE。
大写字母G，H，I和J代表同一音符向下移调一个八度。
另一个例子，C大调第一转位和弦（以"C/ E"表示）， E是最低音符所以g在这儿代表E。

Like other gchord codes, you may append a numeral indicating the duration of the note. The same rules apply as before. You can use any combination of the gchord codes, (fcbghijGHIJz).

这些新代码，字母后面也都可以有数字指定音符长度。

Another recent extension to gchords is the presence of gchords in separate voices. Here is an example:

该gchord指令也可分别用于不同声部，如下例所示：

X:1
T: gchord multivoice extension(译者：此行是曲名)
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
K: G
V: 1
%%MIDI gchord ghih
"G" z4| z4|\
%%MIDI gchordoff
z4|
V:2
%%MIDI chordprog 12
%%MIDI gchord GHIHG
z4|"D" z4|z4|

%%MIDI chordprog n

和弦乐器码

Sets the MIDI instrument for the chord notes to be n. If the command includes the string octave=n where n is a number between -2 and +2, then the chord notes will be shifted n octaves from its usual position, eg. (%%MIDI chordprog 32 octave=1). Any other descriptors will be ignored, eg (%%MIDI chordprog 0 Acoustic Piano).

指定演奏和弦音符的MIDI乐器，乐器由通用MIDI 音色号码代表。
如果该指令包括字串octave=n，其中n是-2和+2之间的数字，则和弦音符将被从它的通常的位置移动n个八度。
例如：%% MIDI chordprog32octave= 1。
其他任何描述都将被忽略，例如：%% MIDI chordprog0Acoustic Piano 被视爲%% MIDI chordprog0。

%%MIDI bassprog n

低音乐器码

Sets the MIDI instrument for the bass notes to be n. If the command includes the string octave=n where n is a number between -2 and +2, then the bass note will be shifted n octaves from its usual position. eg. (%%MIDI bassprog 32 octave=-1).

指定演奏低音音符的MIDI乐器，乐器由通用MIDI 音色号码代表。
如果该指令包括字串octave=n，其中n是-2和+2之间的数字，则低音音符将被从它的通常的位置移动n个八度。
例如：%% MIDI bassprog 32 octave= 1。

%%MIDI chordvol n

和弦响度码

Sets the volume (velocity) of the chord notes at n.

指定演奏和弦音符的响度，以速度(velocity)来代表。

%%MIDI bassvol n

低音响度码

Sets the volume (velocity) of the bass notes at n. There is no correspondingmelodyvol command since there are 3 velocity values for melody, set using thebeat command.

指定演奏低音音符的响度，以速度(velocity)来代表。
至于旋律，没有对应的“旋律响度码”指令，旋律响度由拍子，beat，指令设定。

%%MIDI gchordon

开啓吉他和弦指令

Turns on guitar chords (they are turned on by default at the start of atune).

使用吉他和弦。
（曲子开始时吉他和弦是开啓的，这是默认设定。）

%%MIDI gchordoff

关闭吉他和弦指令

Turns off guitar chords.

不使用吉他和弦

%%MIDI fermatafixed

延音一个单位长度

Directs abc2midi to expand a fermata by one unit length. Thus HC3 becomes C4.

设定延音，fermata，延长一个单位长度，例如HC3 变成 C4。

%%MIDI fermataproportional

延音一个同样长度

This is the default. A fermata doubles the length of a note so HC3 becomes C6.

设定延音，fermata，延长一个同样长度，例如HC3 变成 C6. - 这是默认设置。

%%MIDI droneon

开啓背景低音

This turns on a continuous drone used in bagpipe music. The drone consists of two notes (by default A, and A,,) played on a bassoon at a MIDI loudness (velocity) 80. If you can configure the drone sound， use the %%MIDI drone command described below.

使用风笛，bagpipe，音乐的连续的背景低音。
背景低音由两个音符（默认为A，而A,,）由巴松管以MIDI响度（速度）80演奏。
可以使用下述%% MIDIdrone指令调配背景低音的声音，。

%%MIDI droneoff

关闭背景低音

This turns off the drone.

不使用背景低音

%%MIDI drone n1 n2 n3 n4 n5

背景低音设定

Configures the drone chord. n1 = MIDI program, n2 = MIDI pitch 1, n3 = MIDI pitch 2, n4 = MIDI velocity 1, and n5 = MIDI velocity 2. By default they have already been set to 70 45 33 80 80.

调配背景低音和弦。
参数n1 = MIDI乐器软件，n2 = MIDI音调1，n3 = MIDI音调2，n4= MIDI速度1和n5= MIDI速度2。
它们的默认设置为7045 3380 80。

%%MIDI drum string [drum programs] [drum velocities]

打击乐模式

This sets up a drum pattern. The string determines when there is a drum beat and the drum program values determine what each drum strike sounds like. e.g. %%MIDI drum d2zdd 35 38 38  100 50 50 The string may contain 'd' for a drum strike or 'z' for a rest.

打击乐模式由字符串描述。
字符串记录打击乐声的位置，种类，与响度。
例如%%MIDI drum d2zdd 35 38 38  100 50 50，字母'd'，代表击乐声， 'z'，代表休息， 35与38是乐器音色码， 100与50是速度 (响度)。

By default a voice starts with no drum pattern. Like gchord, a command  %%MIDI drumon is needed to enable the drumming. The drum pattern is repeated during each bar until a %%MIDI drumoff is encountered.

一个声部开始时没有打击乐模式。
打击乐模式需要由指令 %% MIDI drumon来啓动。
啓动后该模式每小节重复直到遇到%%MIDI drumoff指令。

The %%MIDI drum command may be used within a tune to change the drum pattern. This command places the drum sounds on channel 10 and assumes your tone generator complies with the General Midi standard - if it does not, then you may hear tones instead of drum sounds. (Note the old method of using the instruction !drum! and !nodrum! is being deprecated.)

指令%%MIDI drum可用来改变打击乐模式。
本指令将打击乐声置于通道10，并假设使用的音调发生器符合通用MIDI标准的要求。
- 如果没有，那么发出的声音将是音调，而不是打击乐声。
（请注意：旧指令！drum！和！nodrum！已过时，不再使用。）

In both the gchord and drum commands, the standard note length of a single note f,c,z or d is not set by the L: command. Instead it is adjusted so that the entire gchord string or drum string fits exactly into one bar. In other words the duration of each note is divided by the total duration of the string. This means that,  for example, the drum string "dd" is equivalent to drum string "d4d4".  You cannot currently specify fractions directly (eg. C3/2) as done in the body of the music, but it is still possible to express complex rhythms. For example, to indicate a rhythm such as （3ddd d/d/d/d/, you would write the string "d4d4d4d3d3d3d3".

对gchord和drum两个指令，标准音符长度不是由L:参数值设定，其决定方式是，标准音符长度使整个gchord或drum声音模式长度正好是一个小节。
所以，声音模式"dd"与"d4d4"是一样的。
目前这两个指令所用的模式不能接受延音，例如C 3/2。
但仍可用其他方法表达复杂的节奏。
例如：节奏，（3ddd d/d/d/d/，可写成"d4d4d4d3d3d3d3"。

For reference, the percussion instruments defined in the General MIDI standard are given below.

用于打击乐器的"通用MIDI 音色号码与对应的乐器名称"，表列下面以供参考。

35  Acoustic Bass Drum  59  Ride Cymbal 2
36  Bass Drum 1 60  Hi Bongo
37  Side Stick  61  Low Bongo
38  Acoustic Snare  62  Mute Hi Conga
39  Hand Clap63  Open Hi Conga
40  Electric Snare  64Low Conga
41  Low Floor Tom65High Timbale
42  Closed Hi Hat66  Low Timbale
43  High Floor Tom  67  High Agogo
44  Pedal Hi-Hat68  Low Agogo
45  Low Tom 69  Cabasa
46  Open Hi-Hat 70  Maracas
47  Low-Mid Tom 71  Short Whistle
48  Hi Mid Tom  72  Long Whistle
49  Crash Cymbal 1  73  Short Guiro
50  High Tom74  Long Guiro
51  Ride Cymbal 175  Claves
52  Chinese Cymbal  76  Hi Wood Block
53  Ride Bell77  Low Wood Block
54  Tambourine  78  Mute Cuica
55  Splash Cymbal79  Open Cuica
56  Cowbell 80  Mute Triangle
57  Crash Cymbal 2  81  Open Triangle
58  Vibraslap

Note you are able to change this mapping using the the MIDI command %%MIDI drummap described below.

在打击乐通道，即通道10，中，乐器是由一个音高来代表，比如大鼓1的代表音高是“C,,”。
这个对应可由下述指令更改。
%%MIDI drummap note midipitch打击乐器对应note midipitch

where the pitch of the note is notated using abc notation and midipitch is a number between 35 and 81 inclusive referring to the above table. This command is used if you are notating a drum track, i.e. a voice played on channel 10. Rather than being forced to use the note corresponding to the desired percussion instrument, (for example C (MIDI pitch 60) for hi bongo), you can change the mapping to use a more convenient pitch，for example to access bass drum 1 (MIDI pitch 36) you would require the note C,, which is awkward to display in common music notation. You can change the mapping to say _D using%%MIDI drummap _D 36.  An example is provided in the file CHANGES (November 6 2005).

参数，note代表音高，使用abc音高记谱法；midipitch代表乐器，是一个在35和81之间的数字（参照上表）。
本指令用于编排打击乐通道，即通道10。
可以用来改变打击乐器的代表音高，比如大鼓1（通用MIDI 软件号码36），的默认代表音高是“C,,”不太好用。
可以用本指令将代表音高更改爲_D，即%%MIDI drummap _D 36。
（参看：CHANGES November 6 2005。)

%%MIDI drumbars n

打击乐单位小节数 n

The %%MIDI drum line can sound quite monotonous if it is repeated each bar. To circumvent this problem a new MIDI command， %%MIDI drumbars n ，where n is a small number will spread out the drum string over n consecutive bars. By default drumbars is set to 1 maintaining compatibility with existing abc files. You should take care that the drumstring is evenly divisible between the drumbar bars. Also the time signature should not change between bars in a drumbar unit. (Sample abc file in CHANGESJune 24 2008.)

本指令使打击乐模式每 n小节重复一次，（先前打击乐模式每小节重复一次）。
参数n默认值是1。
需确定打击乐模式可以每 n小节重复一次，而且，拍子在这n小节中不能改变。
（参看：CHANGES June 24 2008。)

%%MIDI gchordbars n

吉他和弦单位小节数 n

This command spreads the gchord string over n consecutive bars of equal length. The gchord string should be evenly divisible by n or else the gchords will not work properly. A sample abc file is found in CHANGES March 17 2009.

本指令使吉他和弦模式每 n小节重复一次，（先前吉他和弦模式每小节重复一次）。
需确定吉他和弦模式可以每 n小节重复一次，而且，拍子在这n小节中不能改变。
（参看：CHANGES March 17 2009。)
%%MIDI control [bass/chord] n1 n2
MIDI音调发生器调整[bass/chord] n1 n2

This generates a MIDI control event. If the word "control" is followed by "bass" or "chord", the event will be applied to the bass or chord channel, otherwise it will be applied to the current channel. n1 and n2 are numbers in the range 0-127. Generally, n1 selects a control parameter and n2 is the value to which it is set. A couple of examples :  %%MIDI control 7 50  will set the main volume of the channel to 50 ;  %%MIDI control 10 0will set the pan parameter (left/right balance) to 0. See the manual for your MIDI tone generator to find out what control events are supported.

此指令用来调整MIDI音调发生器。
如果参数"bass"或"chord"存在，则低音或和弦通道（channel）会受到调整，否则是当前的通道会受到调整。
参数 n1和n2的范围在0-127之间，n1代表受调整的功能而n2是新设置的值。
至于那些功能可受调整，请参见MIDI音调发生器手册。
一些使用例子：
%%MIDI control 7 50  将通道的主音量设置于50;  %%MIDI control 10 0将声像参数（即左/右平衡）设置为0

%%MIDI portamento [bass/chord] n

开啓滑音[bass/chord] n

This will turn on the MIDI portamento controller and set the speed of sliding between pitches to n. Like %%MIDI control, if the word portamento is followed by "bass" or "chord", the event will be applied to the bass or chord channel, otherwise it will be applied to the current channel. The parameter n should be between 0 and 63. Large values imply a slow transition between pitches. I have found the resulting effect to be rather wierd, especially for large pitch intervals.

此指令用来开啓MIDI滑音控制。
如果参数"bass"或"chord"存在，则低音或和弦通道（channel）会受到调整，否则是当前的通道会受到调整。
参数 n范围在0-63之间，代表滑音的速度，大的数目滑音速度慢。
本指南的作者觉得这指令的效果不理想。

%%MIDI noportamento [bass/chord]

关闭滑音[bass/chord]

This will turn off the portamento controller (current default).

此指令用来关闭MIDI滑音控制（关闭是默认设定）。

%%MIDI pitchbend [bass/chord] <high byte><low byte>

上下滑音[bass/chord] <high

byte><low byte>This generates a pitchbend event on the current channel, or on the bass or chord channel as specified. The value given by the following two bytes indicates the pitch change.

此指令用来控制上下滑音。
如果参数"bass"或"chord"存在，则低音或和弦通道（channel）会受到调整，否则是当前的通道会受到调整。
参数<high byte>与<low byte>代表上下滑动的程度。

%%MIDI nobarlines

忽视小节綫

This is a somewhat obscure option to support early music without barlines. Normally, an accidental applied to one note e.g. ^c will apply to every note at the same point in the scale until the end of the bar (so C,, C, C c c' would all be sharpened). This option turns off this behaviour, so that an accidental applies only to the next note. It should be used in the header of any tune requiring this behaviour.

这个指令已很少用到，用来支持早期没有小节綫的音乐。
通常，当一个升降符号应用到一个音符后，比如^ C，则同一小节内，所有同名字的音符，即C,, C, C c c'等等也都会受到同样改变。
这个指令关闭这种行为，让一个升降符号仅适用于下一个音符。
使用这个指令时应该在乐曲的“表头”部分列出。

%%MIDI barlines

使用小节綫

This turns off the effect of %%MIDI nobarlines in the middle of a tune. This is the default behaviour assumed at the start of every tune.

停止%%MIDI nobarlines 指令的功能。
每个曲子开头的默认设置是使用小节綫。

%%MIDI ratio n m

附点音符比例n m

This sets the ratio of note lengths in broken rhythm (e.g. a>b). The default behaviour is for note a to sound for twice as long as note b. This can be achieved with  %%MIDI ratio 2 1and hornpipes are commonly played with approximately this ratio. However, for other musical styles, a different ratio may be appropriate. If you are using abc2midi to export music to another program for printing, then you may wish to use a ratio of 3:1 which is how hornpipes are usually notated. This can be achieved with %%MIDI ratio 3 1

这个指令设置附点音符（例如a> b）前后两音长度的比率。
默认值是a音符听起来是b音符的两倍长。
即%%MIDI ratio 2 1 。
通常hornpipe以大约这个比率演奏。
然而，对于其他的音乐风格，不同的比率可能较合适。
要注意，当使用abc2midi软件输出hornpipe曲子到其它软件以进行打印时，不妨使用比率为3：1，%%MIDI ratio 3 1 ，因爲hornpipe记谱一般是用这个比率。

Arpegiation:

琶音：

With version 1.54 Dec 4 2004 of abc2midi, notes in chords (eg. [FAc]) are not played in the same instant but offsetted and shortened by 10 MIDI time units. Thus the first note in the chord (eg. F) is played for the full indicated time, the second note (eg. A) starts 10 MIDI units later and is shortened by the same amount and the third note starts another 10 MIDI units later and is shortened by another 10 units. This introduces an "expressivo" option and avoids the heavy attack. (This does not apply to gchords or multivoiced chords.)

从2004年12月4日的1.54版abc2midi以后，和弦的音符（例如[FAc]）不在同一时刻演奏，而是陆续延后与缩短10个MIDI时间单位。
（注:每个四分音符有480 MIDI时间单位。
）也就是说，和弦的第一个音符（例子中的F）演奏全部指定的时间，第二个音符（例子中的A）延后10 MIDI单位开始，且缩短10 MIDI单位，第三个音符再延后10 MIDI单位，与再缩短另一个10单位。
这样子引入了"expressivo"选项，避免了响度突然增大。
（但，此指令并不适用于吉他和弦，gchords，或多声部，multivoiced，和弦。）

The amount of the delay and shortening may be configured by the MIDI command %%MIDI chordattack n .where n is a small number. If n is zero, then abc2midi should behave as in earlier versions. The delay n is in MIDI time units where there are 480 units in a quarter note beat. The program may not run correctly if n is too large and there are short chords.

上述的延迟和缩短的量可以由下列MIDI指令设置

%%MIDI chordattack n
和弦延迟 n
其中n是一个小数目。
如果n为0，则abc2midi表现与早期版本相同。
参数n的单位是MIDI时间单位，每个四分音符有480 MIDI时间单位。
如果n过大，此指令可能无法正常运行。
%%MIDI randomchordattack n
和弦随机延迟 n

where n is a small number. This is similar to above, except the delay of each note in the chord varies randomly between 0 and n-1. Therefore each chord is played differently.

其中n是一个小数目。
此指令的功能与上指令雷同，但延迟和缩短的量是在0到n-1之间的一个随机数。
所以，该和弦每次演奏都会略有不同。

Articulation:

衔接

%%MIDI trim x/y

裁剪x/y

where x and y are two numbers. This command controls the articulation of notes and chords by placing silent gaps between the notes.  The length of these gaps is determined by x/y and the unit length specified by the L: command. These gaps are produced by shortening the notes by the same amount. If the note is already shorter than the specified gap, then the gap is set to half the length of the note.  The fraction x/y indicates a note duration in the same manner as specified in the abc file. The actual duration is based on the unit length specified by the L: field command. It is recommended that x/y be a fraction close to zero. The denominator, y does not need to be a power of 2. Trimming is disabled inside slurs as indicated by parentheses. You can turn off all note trimming by setting x to 0, eg 0/1. By default, note trimming is turned off at the beginning of a tune or voice command.

此指令在音符之间加入一小段“间隙”以控制音符或和弦音符之间的衔接效果。
这些间隙的长度由数字x与y的比例决定。
实际长度爲曲子的单位长度，由L: 参数值决定，乘上该比例。
每个音符缩短相同量，如果该音符短于指定的间隙长度，则设置间隙为音符的长度的一半。
建议设置x/y比例接近于0。
此指令不适用于连音。
当x爲0时，此指令失效，间隙长度爲0。
当新曲子或声部开始时，此指令的默认设置是关闭。

To avoid the problem of breaking up a music line in order to place a %%MIDI command, for example,
A2 B2|\
%%MIDI drumon
C2 D2|
you can place the MIDI instruction inside an info field using the following syntax.
A2 B2|[I:MIDI= drumon] C2 D2|

当要将一个指令插在一行乐曲中时，比如
A2 B2|\
%%MIDI drumon
C2 D2|
爲避免将一行乐曲打断，可采用下列写法，使用I: 参数值，将指令插在行中
A2 B2|[I:MIDI= drumon] C2 D2|

The '=' following the MIDI is very important. The info field syntax allows you to place several MIDI commands in one inline block, for example [I: MIDI = program 73 MIDI=chordprog 29] (Spaces are optional.) Other examples can be seen in the file CHANGES the March 25 2005 entry.

在MIDI后面的“=”不可漏掉。
在I: 参数值中可以有多个指令，例如[I: MIDI = program 73 MIDI=chordprog 29]，其他例子请参看CHANGES  March 25 2005。

Another recent extension is the allowance of drum patterns in separate voices. Here is an example:

不同的声部可以有不同的打击乐模式，如下例所示：

X:1
T: drum multivoice extension不同的声部可以有不同的打击乐模式示范
M: 4/4
L: 1/4
K: G
V:1
%%MIDI drum dddd 45 45 45 45 70 50 60 50
%%MIDI drumon
z4|z4|\
%%MIDI drumoff
z4|
V:2
%%MIDI drum ddddd 54 54 54 54 54 70 50 50 60 50
z4|\
%%MIDI drumon
z4|z4|

%%MIDI temperamentlinear octave_cents fifth_cents

音阶气质调整octave_cents

fifth_centsThis command allows you to change the temperament of the scale. Octave_cents specifies the size of an octave in cents of a semitone or 1/1200 of an octave. Fifth_cents specifies in the size of a fifth (normally 700 cents). For example: %%MIDI temperament 1200.5 698.0 will produce a slightly stretched scale with narrowed fifths. More details on linear tempered scales can be found on the site
http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/scala/

此指令改变音阶的大小，即所谓的“音阶的气质”。
参数Octave_cents指定一个八度音阶是由多少百分之一个半音组成。
（通常一个八度由1200个百分之一个半音组成。
）参数 Fifth_cents指定五度音阶的大小（通常是700个百分之一个半音）。
所以：%% MIDItemperamentlinear 1200.5698.0会产生轻微拉伸的八度音阶与稍微缩小的五度。
关于“音阶的气质”，可以参看网站：
http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/scala/。

The pitch of each note is modified using a MIDI pitchbend command to comply with the scale. In order to handle chords, each note of the chord must be played on a different MIDI channel.

执行此指令时，每个音符的音高是以MIDI上下滑音，即MIDI pitchbend，指令修改。
此外，和弦的每个音符必须在不同的MIDI通道上。

The normal musical scale has a temperament of%%MIDI temperamentlinear 1200 700but to avoid unnecessary pitchbends you should restore to the normal temperament using the command %%MIDI termperamentnormal

虽然正常音阶的“音阶的气质”是相当于指令%%MIDI temperamentlinear 1200 700的设置结果，但爲避免过度使用MIDI上下滑音指令，应使用指令%%MIDI termperamentnormal 来恢复正常的“音阶的气质”。

%%MIDI tuninsystem comma53

调音系统 comma53

quantizes the pitches of the notes using the comma53 system where an octave is divided into 53 equally spaced tones.

此指令设定使用comma53系统来量化音高，该系统将一个八度分为53个等间隔的音。

%%MIDI makechordchannels n

和弦通道数目n

If you are not modifying the temperament or inserting microtones you can ignore this command.

假如不需改变音阶的大小，也没有引入微调的话，可以忽视这个指令。

Normally in voice chords containing microtones e.g. [_/CE_/G] will not be handled correctly because all the notes in the chord are played on the same MIDI channel. If you include the above command where n here is 2, then two separate channels will be allocated for playing the other two notes in this chord. These separate channels will be used whether the pitches of the notes are bent or not. Once you allocate those channels with this command, they are no longer available and since there are only 16 MIDI channels you can easily run out. Furthermore, you need to allocate chordchannels for any other voices which may have in voice chords.

通常，一个声部的和弦若含微调，microtones，例如[_/ CE_/ G]时，MIDI将无法正确演奏，因为和弦的所有音符都在相同的MIDI通道中。
通过这个指令通道数目可以改变，如果参数n是2，那么和弦的其它两个音符将被分配在另两个独立的通道中。
需注意通道一旦分配后就不能再作其它用途，对每一个有和弦的声部都必须以这个指令分配通道，一共只有16个MIDI通道，很容易地就用完了。

The channel allocation process will automatically propogate the program assignment (musical instrument) to the other chordchannels, so be sure you set the program before using this command. If you need to change the program assignments, you can find out the channel numbers that were assigned by running abc2midi in verbose mode using the -v command in the execution string.

因爲通道分配软件会自动将原通道所附属的乐器也附属到新分配的通道中，所以在使用此指令前必须先设定乐器。
如果需要“通道与附属乐器列表”的功能，则必须使用详细模式来执行abc2midi，即abc2midi -v。

%%MIDI ptstress filename

泰勒节拍档案filename

This command loads file filename into abc2midi which contains the Phil Taylor stress parameters and puts abc2midi in the mode where it applies these stress parameters on every note. This model runs in opposition to the standard beat model, so the MIDI beat, beatstring, beatmod commands become ineffectual. This also means that the dynamic indications !f! !pp! etc. do not work any more.

参数filename 是个档案名字，此档案含有泰勒节拍，Phil Taylor stress parameters。
此指令要求abc2midi执行该档案中的泰勒节拍。
此指令与MIDI的标准节拍指令是不相容的，此指令执行时，下列指令都失效，beat，beatstring， beatmod，!f! ，!pp! 等等。

There are two different implementations of the stress model. Model 1 modifies the note articulation and takes control of the MIDI trim parameters too. To revert back to the standard model, put the command %%MIDI beataccents. Model 2 modifies both the onset and ending of each note allowing a musical beat to expand or contract in time. However, the length of a musical measure should be preserved. Note if you using model 2, which is the current default, you must include -BF as one of the runtime parameters of abc2midi.

泰勒节拍模型有两种不同的实现方法。
第一个方法修改音与音的衔接，（参看%%MIDI trim x/y 指令说明）。
此指令执行后，可以用指令 %% MIDI beataccents恢复到MIDI标准模型。
第二个方法修改每一个音符开始与结束的时间以配合泰勒节拍模型，同时每小节的长度不变。
第二个方法是目前的默认设置，且必须将 -BF作为abc2midi的运行参数之一。

The model divides a bar into equal segments. For each segment, a loudness or MIDI velocity is specified and a duration multiplier is specified. If a note falls into a specific segment, it assumes the velocity of that segment and its duration is modified accordingly. If the note overlaps more than one segment, then the note assumes the average of those segment values.

此指令把一个小节分成相等的段落。
每个段落有指定的响度（即MIDI速度）和持续的时间。
当一个音符完全落入一个段落时，它的响度和持续的时间修改爲该段落的指定的响度和持续的时间。
如果一个音符跨越多个段落时，它的响度和持续的时间修改爲这些段落的平均值。

The input file specifies the number of segments and the loudness and duration multipliers for each segment. The file has the following format:
8
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
where the first value is the number of segments and each line specifies the velocity and duration multiplier of the specific segment. The velocity is limited to 127 and the duration is a decimal number. The note durations is modified by varying the gap between notes, so it is not possible to extend a note. This preserves the regular tempo of the music. The program scales, the note duration indications by dividing it by the maximum value which here is 1.4.

下面是个泰勒节拍模型的例子。
泰勒节拍模型设定段落数目，每个段落的响度（0-127）和持续的时间（一个小数），
8
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
110 1.4
90 0.6
例子中第一行是段落数目，以后每行是段落的响度和持续的时间。

%%MIDI stressmodel n

节拍模式 n

where n is either 1 or 2, selects the stress model implementation.

参数n是1或 2，设定用第一或第二种方法实现泰勒节拍模型。

%%MIDI expand m/n

扩张m/n

This command causes all the following notes be lengthened by the amount factor m/n so that they overlap the next note. Thus the next note is started at the proper time, but the previous note ends after the beginning of the note. This overlap causes a nice effect for particular MIDI instruments such as choir voices. The %%MIDI expand function behaves in the opposite manner as the %%MIDI trim function.

此指令导致后面的所有音符延长m/n倍，使它们与下一个音符重叠。
下一个音符在正确的时候开始，但是前一个音符在后一音符开始后才结束。
这种重叠效果特别适用于某些MIDI乐器，譬如合唱团的声部。
此指令的效果与指令%%MIDI trim的效果正好相反。
实际延长长度爲曲子的单位长度，由L: 参数值决定，乘上比例m/n。

%%MIDI snt k pitch

改变单音k pitch

Since many MIDI devices do not support this function, use of this command is not recommended. The command changes the tuning of a single note using the "universal system exclusive messages". k is the MIDI pitch being retuned (a number between 0 to 127) and pitch is a floating point number representing the pitch's new value in MIDI pitch units.

许多MIDI乐器不支持此功能，应避免使用此指令。
此指令使用"通用系统专用信息"更改一个音符的音高。
参数k（0至127之间的数字）代表被重新调整的MIDI音符，参数pitch (一个小数)代表新的音高，以MIDI音高单位来表示。

%%MIDI bendvelocity n1 n2

滑音速度n1 n2

This command defines how to bend a particular note following the !bend! decoration. The pitch of the note shifts up or down as the note is playing. n1 is the velocity of the pitch change and n2 is the acceleration (how fast the velocity changes). The bend is accomplished by modifying the MIDI pitchwheel where the 8192 is the neutral.  Minimum and maximum values are 0 and 16383 correspond to two semitones shifts in either directions. The velocity and acceleration may be positive or negative.

此指令设定滑音的速度与加速度。
演奏滑音时音高上下移动。
参数n1是音调变化的速度而参数n2是加速度（速度变化多快）。
滑音是通过调整MIDI pitchwheel来实现。
MIDI pitchwheel中8192是中性，最小和最大的值是0和16383对应于负正方向移位两个半音。
速度和加速度可以是正值或负值。

%%MIDI bendstring n1 n2 n3 n4 etc

滑音模式n1 n2n3 n4等等

This command is a more general way for defining how a note is bent.  It can also apply with !shape! decoration discussed later. The note is split into n equal segments corresponding to each of the n1, n2, etc values. The n1, n2, ... values are the increments (or decrements if they are negative) which are added to the pitchwheel value. Thus %%MIDI bendstring 1000 1000 -500 -500 .will split a note into 4 parts and the pitchwheel values in each part will be 9192, 10192, 9692, and 9192.

此指令是另一种方法用来设定滑音。
假设参数的数目是k则此指令将一个音符分成k等分，每一等分有一个对应的参数n1 n2n3 n4等等。
这些参数值是MIDI pitchwheel值的变化量。
所以%%MIDI bendstring 1000 1000 -500 -500
代表每个音符分成四等分，每等分的MIDI pitchwheel值是9192, 10192, 9692,与9192。

%%MIDI controlstring m n1 n2 n3 ...控

控制模式m n1 n2 n3 ...

This command defines how the m th MIDI controller changes for the note following the !shape! decoration. The note is divided into n segments where n is the number of values following the m or controller number. n1, n2, n3, ... are the values for controller m in each segment. This allows you to shape the sound of the note. For example, by changing the modwheel or the expression. All the values m, n1, n2 are numbers between 0 and 127.

在演奏!shape!装饰音时，此指令用来设置第m个MIDI控制器。
参数m代表MIDI控制器。
假设其他参数的数目是k则此指令将一个音符分成k等分，每一等分有一个对应的参数n1 n2n3 n4等等，每个参数代表第m个MIDI控制器在该等分的值。
这指令可以通过改变modwheel或其它表情控制塑造音符的特质。
所有参数值均为0和127之间的数字。

Global settings for abc2midi

abc2midiabc档的通用设置

If you are creating an abc file with many tunes, abc2ps and abcm2ps allows you to declare certain settings that apply to all tunes by placing them at the beginning of the file prior to the start of the tune. Abc2midi provides this feature but presently only to a limited extent. The following MIDI commands will change the defaults for all tunes if they are placed outside of any tune.

一个abc档可以有若干个曲子，如果所有曲子有共同指令，可以将这些指令放置在文件的开头，
所有的曲子之前。
曲子的开头通常有个X:参数值来标识。
软件abc2ps和abcm2ps允许这种作法软件abc2midi则仅部分允许。
适用的MIDI指令如下表。
%%MIDI C ...
%%MIDI nobarlines ...
%%MIDI barlines ...
%%MIDI fermatafixed
%%MIDI fermataproportional
%%MIDI ratio ...
%%MIDI chordname ...
%%MIDI deltaloudness ...

All other MIDI commands placed outside of a tune will be ineffective and return a warning message "cannot handle this MIDI directive here"  (For more details see CHANGES, May 06 2005 entry.)Any of these defaults can be changed as many times as you like provided that they are occur outside a tune which is usually delineated by a X: reference number and a blank line.

其他的MIDI指令不能置于曲子外，否则会产生下列错误讯息"cannot handle this MIDI directive here"  "这个MIDI指令不能用于此处。
" (参看档案CHANGES, May 06 2005。)

Voice Splitting

分割声部

Abcm2ps allows a voice to separate into two or more voices in a specific bar using the symbol '&'. This feature now works in abc2midi. Abc2midi places the split voice into a separate MIDI track with intervening rests. When a voice splits, the new voice inherits the program number (musical instrument) from the parent voice.

在软件abcm2ps中可以用符号"＆"在一个小节中将声部分割。
软件abc2midi现在也有此功能。
软件abc2midi将分割后的声部各自放在一个单独的MIDI声轨中，必要处加入适当的休止符。
声部分割后，新的声部继承原有声部的MIDI音色编号（即MIDI乐器）。

Compatibility with proposed abc standard version 2.0

abc 2.0 标准中的新条例

The proposed standard introduces a new copyright field using the syntax%%abc-copyright (c) Copyright John Smith 2003

新的abc 2.0 标准中有个版权参数值，如下例:
%%abc-copyright (c) Copyright John Smith 2003

Abc2midi now inserts this in the MIDI file in the form of a metatext copyright tag. Changes were made to the event_specific function in store.c to process the copyright information. It is also copied into the Karaoke track (if it is created) as as @T field.

软件abc2midi现在将此参数值以"版权标记附件"的形式插入MIDI文件中。
此参数值也以@T参数值的形式复制到卡拉OK版本（如果有的话）。

Typesetting abc

打印曲谱

If you want to typeset your abc, there are some more features of abc syntax that you need to know:

以下是将abc文件印成乐谱时必须知道的一些事项：

If 2 notes appear consecutively with no space between them, they will be grouped together under the same beam. A space between them prevents them sharing a beam.

当两个音符之间没有空格时，在乐谱上，这两个音符会在同一个“符杠”下面。
如两个音符之间有空格时，这两个音符不在同一个符杠下面。

A new line of stave music is generated by the newline at the end of a line of abc music. To suppress this, put a \ character at the end of the abc music line.

在abc曲谱中，每一行相当于五綫谱中的一行。
如要打破这个规则可在abc文件该行的行尾加个'\' 符号，则该行与下一行会在五綫谱中的同一行上。

An abc music line should end either at a bar line or at the space between two notes which indicates they do not share a beam. This is true whether or not the abc line ends with a \ character.

在abc曲谱中，不论是否在行尾用到\ 符号来连接两行，每一行必须以小节綫或两音符间的空格终结。

Error Messages and Warnings

错误信息与警告信息

abc2midi attempts to perform various checks on the abc and reports any problems via error and warning messages:

软件abc2midi 会检查abc 文件，如发现问题时会以错误信息或警告信息来回报该问题：

A warning message indicates there is something strange in the abc - possibly an error or possibly non-standard usage.

警告信息表示文件中有些奇怪的地方，可能是文法错误或不是标准的写法。

An error message means that abc2midi thinks there is definitely an error in the abc and the MIDI generated may not be correct.

错误信息表示文件中有错误，产生的MIDI会是不正确的。

In a small number of cases, an error may cause abc2midi to stop. This is usually either because it has run out of memory or because there is some problem with reading or writing a file.

有些情况下，错误信息也会导致软件abc2midi 停止操作。
通常该错误导致电脑读写错误，或用完了记忆体。
小节计算与核对

Bar counting and checkingConventionally bars are numbered starting from one. If the first bar is incomplete (anacrusis), then it is counted as zero. Abc2ps and abcm2ps follows this convention but abcMIDI does not. All bars are counted starting from zero and furthermore if there is an incomplete bar just before a repeat (:| |: or ::), the bar count is not incremented. It is difficult to change this convention since abcMIDI assigns a number to the bar ahead when it sees a bar line. It would be necessary to introduce some look ahead for the first bar in the tune.

通常小节从第一小节开始算起。
如果第一小节是不完整的（即anacrusis），则该小节为第零小节。
软件abc2ps和abcm2ps都遵循这一约定，但软件abcMIDI没有。
软件abcMIDI中小节从零开始，而且重复符号，如：|，|：，：:等等，之前不完整的小节不计。

If abc2midi reports a problem in a specific bar, you can use yaps with the -k option (for print bar numbers) to locate this bar. If you use another program such as abc2ps, then the bar number in the displayed or printed version may be one unit higher.

如果软件abc2midi报告有个小节有问题，则可以使用软件yaps的-k选项（即印出小节号选项）找到这个小节。
如果使用其他软件如abc2ps，则yaps的-k选项显示的小节数可能高一个数字。

The most common error seems to be a missing beat or having an extra beat in a bar. In the vicinity of a repeat, abc2midi tries to complete the first bar using the incomplete bar at the end of the repeat. If the first bar can be completed, then no warning is reported. The first bar may be complete the first time the section is played but incomplete in the second repeat. Complications occur when the left repeat symbol (|:) is missing and abc2midi has to assume it is at the beginning. More complications occur when there is a key change after the repeat or the music is split into parts A,B,C, etc. Yaps does the bar checking differently when it encounters repeats so that it may not resolve as many incomplete bars and report more warnings.

最常见的错误似乎是小节中多或少一个节拍。
若发生在一个重复号的附近，软件abc2midi尝试使用重复号后面不完全的小节来拼凑完成第一小节。
如果第一小节拼凑完成，则不发出警告。
软件abc2midi也尝试处理其他更复杂的状况。
软件yaps检查小节，当遇到重复时，处理方法不同，所以通常无法分析复杂的不完整的小节以发出适当的警告。

The bar checking is present for providing warnings. For some music, an extra beat may be intentional and it is not marked by a meter change. If you are only printing the music, there is probably no problem; however, if you are producing a MIDI file and there is guitar (gchord) accompaniment then a break or missing beat might be noticeable.

小节核对的目的仅在提出警告。
有些曲子，额外的节拍是故意的。
如果只是打印乐谱，可能没有问题。
但如果是要产生一个MIDI文件，有吉他和弦（gchord）伴奏，则节拍错误或不规则就会相当明显。
General MIDI Program Number/Instrument Name

通用MIDI音色号码与对应的乐器名称

（译者：下表应被视爲译文的一部分。）

1. Acoustic Grand Piano
2. Bright Acoustic Piano
3. Electric Grand Piano
4. Honky-tonk Piano
5. Electric Piano 1
6. Electric Piano 2
7. Harpsichord
8. Clavi
9. Celesta
10. Glockenspiel
11. Music Box
12. Vibraphone
13. Marimba
14. Xylophone
15. Tubular Bells
16. Dulcimer
17. Drawbar Organ
18. Percussive Organ
19. Rock Organ
20. Church Organ
21. Reed Organ
22. Accordion
23. Harmonica
24. Tango Accordion
25. Acoustic Guitar (nylon)
26. Acoustic Guitar (steel)
27. Electric Guitar (jazz)
28. Electric Guitar (clean)
29. Electric Guitar (muted)
30. Overdriven Guitar
31. Distortion Guitar
32. Guitar harmonics
33. Acoustic Bass
34. Electric Bass (finger)
35. Electric Bass (pick)
36. Fretless Bass
37. Slap Bass 1
38. Slap Bass 2
39. Synth Bass 1
40. Synth Bass 2
41. Violin
42. Viola
43. Cello
44. Contrabass
45. Tremolo Strings
46. Pizzicato Strings
47. Orchestral Harp
48. Timpani
49. String Ensemble 1
50. String Ensemble 2
51. SynthStrings 1
52. SynthStrings 2
53. Choir Aahs
54. Voice Oohs
55. Synth Voice
56. Orchestra Hit
57. Trumpet
58. Trombone
59. Tuba
60. Muted Trumpet
61. French Horn
62. Brass Section
63. SynthBrass 1
64. SynthBrass 2
65. Soprano Sax
66. Alto Sax
67. Tenor Sax
68. Baritone Sax
69. Oboe
70. English Horn
71. Bassoon
72. Clarinet
73. Piccolo
74. Flute
75. Recorder
76. Pan Flute
77. Blown Bottle
78. Shakuhachi
79. Whistle
80. Ocarina
81. Lead 1 (square)
82. Lead 2 (sawtooth)
83. Lead 3 (calliope)
84. Lead 4 (chiff)
85. Lead 5 (charang)
86. Lead 6 (voice)
87. Lead 7 (fifths)
88. Lead 8 (bass + lead)
89. Pad 1 (new age)
90. Pad 2 (warm)
91. Pad 3 (polysynth)
92. Pad 4 (choir)
93. Pad 5 (bowed)
94. Pad 6 (metallic)
95. Pad 7 (halo)
96. Pad 8 (sweep)
97. FX 1 (rain)
98. FX 2 (soundtrack)
99. FX 3 (crystal)
100. FX 4 (atmosphere)
101. FX 5 (brightness)
102. FX 6 (goblins)
103. FX 7 (echoes)
104. FX 8 (sci-fi)
105. Sitar
106. Banjo
107. Shamisen
108. Koto
109. Kalimba
110. Bag pipe
111. Fiddle
112. Shanai
113. Tinkle Bell
114. Agogo
115. Steel Drums
116. Woodblock
117. Taiko Drum
118. Melodic Tom
119. Synth Drum
120. Reverse Cymbal
121. Guitar Fret Noise
122. Breath Noise
123. Seashore
124. Bird Tweet
125. Telephone Ring
126. Helicopter
127. Applause
128. Gunshot

This reference written 1995-1998 by James Allwright

本指南的作者是James Allwright 初版于1995-1998年间完成。

长河 · 发表于 2016-7-5 11:24:12

板凳长河说：
太感谢了，我们正需要这个指南

长河 · 发表于 2016-7-5 13:49:50

地板长河说：
再来支持下

长河 · 发表于 2016-7-5 13:50:39

5楼长河说：
如果没有abc代码，盲人做音乐不知道会困难多少倍

雨中的吉他手 · 发表于 2016-7-6 15:49:09

6楼雨中的吉他手说：回楼主琴韵晓波
赞一个

marjorie · 发表于 2016-12-31 14:38:00

7楼 marjorie说：
可是，我有幾個問題：
1. 如何將MIDI有效輸入鍵強悍漸弱的記號？
2. 如何讓速度見塊和艦慢？
3. 請問下再點在哪裡？
謝謝

长河 · 发表于 2017-1-1 11:01:25

8楼长河说：回7楼marjorie
渐强渐弱我记得有符号表示，一时半会儿想不起来，因为我一般都是在sonar里面做这些事情，我们论坛有人写的abc说明应该是提到过，至于速度的问题abc似乎不能进行渐慢和快，这要用sonar来做。

生如夏花 · 发表于 2019-3-20 11:34:18

9楼生如夏花说：
新手学习中，谢谢各位老师的无私分享

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